Βιογραφικό

Biography

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  • Georgios Zongolopoulos (Athens, 1903-2004)
  • The sculptor George Zοngοlοpοulοs...

    George Zongolopoulos (1903–2004) was born in Athens and studied at the Athens School of Fine Arts (1924–1930).
    From 1930, he worked in the Architectural Department of the Ministry of Education, designing school complexes, churches, and museums, until resigning in 1938 to dedicate himself fully to sculpture.

    In 1936, he married the painter Eleni Paschalidou-Zongolopoulou.

    Awarded a scholarship by the French government in 1949, he continued his studies in Paris under sculptor Marcel Gimond. By 1952, with a Greek State Scholarship Foundation grant, he specialized in bronze casting techniques in Italy. The following year, he became a member of the Société Européenne de Culture (European Cultural Society) and served on its Executive Committee from 1960 to 1988.

    From the 1970s until the late 1990s, he and Eleni maintained a Parisian studio, actively participating in the city’s art scene

  • The "eternal adolescent"...

    Dubbed the "eternal adolescent" for his relentless innovation, Zongolopoulos explored harmony and proportion in his art.
    His works earned international acclaim and are displayed in prominent public spaces across Greece, Europe, and the Americas, as well as in private collections and museums.

    He represented Greece 11 times at Biennale exhibitions (1940–2001),
    participated in numerous Panhellenic Exhibitions, and held dozens of solo and group shows worldwide.

    In 2004, he established the non-profit George Zongolopoulos Foundation, bequeathing it his and Eleni’s entire artistic output. He passed away later that year.

    Today, their Athens home and studio—where the couple worked for over 60 years—is open to the public and serves as the Foundation’s headquarters, dedicated to preserving, studying, and promoting their legacies.

Διαγωνισμοί & βραβεία

Competitions & Awards

1937 Pedion tou Areos (Athens): Bust of Admiral Andreas Miaoulis

1947 Monument for the Municipality of Agios Georgios, Piraeus: 1st Prize

1952 Architectural Competition for a 1,000-person church*: 1st Prize (with architect Patroklos Karantinos)

1954 Zalongo Monument, Epirus: 1st Prize (with P. Karantinos)

1955 Monument for the Municipality of Nikaia: 1st Prize

1958 Omonoia Square, Athens: 1st Prize for redesign with fountains and the sculpture Poseidon (with architect K. Bitsios). The sculpture was never installed.

1959 Architectural competition for a school complex. Second prize, Agia Paraskevi.

1966 Thessaloniki International Fair: 1st Prize for "TIF Sculpture"

1967 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki: 1st Prize for Memorial to Cypriot student Kyriakos Matsis

1973 "ASTIR" Insurance Company, Athens: Sculpture Diaphragm

1974 Pisteos Bank (Alpha Bank), Psychico: Sculpture Olive Tree

1981 Klafthmonos Square, Athens: 1st Prize (with architect Alexandros Tombazis). Unrealized.

1986 Gorgopotamos National Resistance Memorial: 1st Prize (with A. Tombazis). Unrealized.

1986 University of Athens WWII Resistance Memorial: 2nd Prize (no 1st awarded)

1989 European Cultural Centre of Delphi: Sculpture Shield

1991 Monument for the Battle of Crete in the Chania Prefecture, in collaboration with architect Alexandros Tombazis. First prize (The sculpture was never installed).

1993 Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art, Thessaloniki: Hydrokinetic work Umbrellas

1995 Venice Biennale: Umbrellas installed on floating platform in Grand Canal

1995 European Union Council Building, Brussels: Pan-European 1st Prize for Umbrellas

1997 Thessaloniki (European Capital of Culture): Umbrellas on waterfront

1997 Venice Biennale: Tel-Néant at exhibition entrance on sea platform

1998 Wittenberg Square, Berlin: Tel-Néant (installed at Hellenic Culture Foundation)

1998 Kifissias Avenue, Psychico: Umbrellas

1999 Weimar (European Capital of Culture): Stele in central square

1999 Athens Metro, Syntagma Station: Atrium

2001 Omonoia Square, Athens: Pentacycle

2001 Athens International Airport: Olympic Rings

2001 Evangelismos Metro Station, Rizari Park: Stele

2001 OTE Headquarters, Maroussi: Tel-Néant

Συνεντεύξεις
IN ORDER TO BE...

Interviews

Zongolopoulos' "Umbrellas"
The reinstatement of the iconic work "Umbrellas", its creator sculptor George Zongolopoulos, and key contributor to its relocation - collector Prodromos Emfietzoglou - were celebrated yesterday by Thessaloniki's art-loving public at the open-air exhibition space of the Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art (MMCA), which hosted a special reception ceremony.

Having represented Greece at the 45th Venice Biennale (1993), the "Umbrellas" were subsequently exhibited with other works by the artist at MMCA until January 1994. The piece graced the museum's outdoor space for two years before being acquired by Mr. Emfietzoglou's private collection.

Under "sculpture copyright law" recognizing up to seven originals of a work, this same piece - having won a pan-European EU competition - now adorns the European Community building in Brussels. Through Mr. Emfietzoglou's generous donation, a third original now returns to MMCA's outdoor space, complementing the artist's presence in our city through his works at the Thessaloniki International Fair's west entrance and Aristotle University's campus.

The event also affirmed MMCA's core mission: showcasing applied artworks in both national and international cultural spheres. At 93,
Zongolopoulos remains among the foremost practitioner-creators of 20th century avant-garde concepts, blending aesthetic harmony with kinetic vitality that poetically transmits the sculptor's vision.

Water and metal, the umbrella's radial semicircles and linear elements, even its negative spaces, compose a creation embodying both classical Greek grace and cutting-edge contemporary sensibility.

Standing beside his work amid honoring guests, the internationally acclaimed sculptor told "Th":
"Yes, I'm deeply pleased to be here - I always enjoy being among kindred spirits. Regarding the reinstatement, of course it satisfies me. The work had its adventures, but considering life itself is one grand adventure, this shares in that quality. It lives."

Could you summarize the wellspring of artistic creation? Study, observation, technique, inspiration...
"That's an immense chapter I can't briefly answer. But I will say many young Greek artists have found their direction. The state must support them - not all are born wealthy, and their path is hard. I remember starting at the Polytechnic with just an orange... difficult years."

Your view on collectors' role in Art?
"If one can become a collector, good. They gather and utilize works, provided they can properly evaluate them - reach clarity."

Can they influence artistic movements?
"No, not to that degree. Movements follow an era's dynamics. Multiple factors contribute - there's no fixed reference point."

"UMBRELLAS" BY GEORGIOS ZONGOLOPOULOS
January 12, 1997
Thessaloniki Waterfront Installation
As Thessaloniki prepares for its tenure as European Capital of Culture, the city's new waterfront plaza now hosts Zongolopoulos' iconic stainless steel sculpture "Umbrellas" near the Macedonia Palace Hotel. This permanent installation – originally created for the 46th Venice Biennale (1995) where it floated in the Grand Canal – transforms the esplanade into a dynamic artistic landmark.
A poetic construction embodying its creator's inexhaustible vitality, the sculpture captivates Thessaloniki's residents and visitors alike, with many posing for photographs before the 13-meter-tall artwork. Its ever-changing dialogue with the seasons and weather conditions transforms both the space and surroundings, offering new visual experiences with each encounter.
"The 'Umbrellas' electrified Venice during the 46th Biennale (1995), where their presentation marked the centenary celebration of this prestigious institution. Locals marveled as the kinetic sculpture animated the Grand Canal with its rhythmic interplay of steel and water."
Zongolopoulos' Delight: "Umbrellas" Find Their Perfect Home Visibly moved by the installation site, George Zongolopoulos declared the location ideal for his work: "In Venice, it emerged from the sea beneath the fondamenta, but here—with this expansive horizon and open space—it appears born of the land itself." The sculpture's strategic placement creates an ever-changing dialogue with nature: Weather Interactions: Winter's fine rain veiling the structure Summer's vardaris wind revealing snow-capped Olympus and Katerini's shores Sunsets transforming the Thermaic Gulf into liquid gold Uninterrupted Sightlines: Positioned where the gaze stretches unimpeded, the work generates unique emotional responses as visitors juxtapose its metallic forms against: ✓ Leaden skies ✓ Mist-shrouded panoramas ✓ Crisp azure horizons "This synthesis of art and elemental forces," the artist implied, "fulfills my vision more completely than Venice's aquatic setting ever could."
Engineering Poetry: Wind, Light and the "Umbrellas" The strong coastal winds that frequently buffet Thessaloniki's new waterfront initially concerned the artist. His ingenious solution? Vertical steel cables that serve dual purposes: Structural: Anchoring the kinetic sculpture against gale forces Aesthetic: Creating a "rain curtain" effect that enhances the work's dynamism A groundbreaking illumination system was specially designed for this installation: Precision Lighting: Narrow-beam white spotlights (9m height) selectively highlight the umbrellas Nighttime Alchemy: "There's magic in how they seem to float against the dark horizon," Zongolopoulos remarked, visibly pleased with this first-ever lighting of his work. "The thick vertical elements transform into falling rain." Technical Specifications: Element Description Cables Stainless steel, 12mm diameter Lights 3000K white LEDs, 6° beam angle Effect Creates 11.5m "floating" shadow zone The artist's satisfaction was palpable: "What began as a challenge became revelation - seeing the work breathe with light after thirty years."
"Every artist carries a vision for their beloved creation – to see it installed in its destined space," Zongolopoulos reflected. "A work demands its own vital environment; it cannot thrive just anywhere. For the 'Umbrellas,' their first life began at the Venice Biennale, where I immersed them in the sea – there, they truly 'lived' and resonated. But here in Thessaloniki... it's transcendent. Is it the boundless horizon? The rigorous geometry of the waterfront promenade? Some ineffable quality of this place has captivated me beyond measure."
"At night," Zongolopoulos adds, his voice tinged with wonder, "the lighting conjures pure magic. When I first saw the 'Umbrellas' suspended against the black void of the horizon, it stole my breath—like witnessing a dream made tangible. This nocturnal transformation reveals the work's second life." He explains the technical poetry: "The horizontal stabilizers—necessary to anchor the sculpture against the wind—become unexpected compositional elements. Their tension with the vertical forms creates a new plastic dialogue, one that only reveals itself after dark."

On the Technical Marvel of Installing "Umbrellas" in Thessaloniki Zongolopoulos emphasized the extraordinary engineering challenges: "This work transcends human-scale construction. While a sculptor typically handles pieces up to three meters, beyond that requires collective effort. In Thessaloniki, the Cultural Capital's technical team became my essential collaborators—their remarkable efficiency allowed installation in just two days." Key Installation Innovations: Custom Foundations: Designed to withstand coastal elements Precision Engineering: The circular base's geometry was perfected on-site Marine-Grade Stabilizers: Steel bracing installed seaside for wind resistance "Every element—from footing to guardrail—was tailored for this location," he acknowledged. "I owe profound gratitude to the team whose feverish work birthed this permanent dialogue between art and sea."
Zongolopoulos on the "Umbrellas": A Choreography of Numbers and Space "There's nothing arbitrary here," the sculptor revealed, tracing the sculpture's invisible geometry with his hands. "A precise rhythm connects the vertical columns and umbrella forms—a mathematical composition hidden within the poetry. Viewers must return, observe again, and let their imagination decode what the numbers whisper."
On the Genesis of "Umbrellas": Redefining Sculptural Language When asked about his creative impetus, Zongolopoulos distilled it to one word: "artistic necessity." "Sculpture no longer kneels at the altar of mass," he asserted. "It speaks through volumes, yes—but equally through lines, even shadows. This evolution has brought us to works like Giacometti's: those severe vertical forms breathing through their voids. True, such language demands more of the viewer—but attend closely, and the plastic significance reveals itself."
Zongolopoulos' Waterfront Masterpiece: A Sculptural Full Circle The installation of this work along Thessaloniki's shoreline poetically completes the artist's thirty-year dialogue with the city—a conversation that began in 1966 with his first public sculpture at the Thessaloniki International Fair. Like bookends on a career, these two creations now frame: 1966: The debut work announcing a bold new voice 1997: The mature Umbrellas—a kinetic testament to artistic evolution This waterfront placement isn't merely a location, but the perfect punctuation to Zongolopoulos' lifelong exploration of how steel and space can mirror the soul of the Thermaic Gulf.

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My umbrellas secretly listen to the universe.
The sculptor George Zοngοlοpοulοs...

An artist of the left, a luminous yet understated force in modern sculpture and painting, Zongolopoulos remains paradoxically both unknown and immortal—his name quietly etched into every international art compendium while he himself turns away from the spotlight. In seven short years, his centenary will cement his legacy, yet today he stands like "forbidden fruit" to an art world he deliberately ignores—not out of arrogance, but by principle: "Art needs no advertisement." His 1995 Venice Biennale coup with "Umbrellas" left critics speechless—a work so audaciously timeless it felt prophetic rather than retrospective. Here was a creator whom observers might assume was in his twilight, yet whose kinetic masterpiece pulsed with the energy of an artist decades younger.
George Zongolopoulos! A marvelous gentleman in his nineties (and counting…), who sets fires ablaze with the vitality of his thought. A man unafraid to say that a work attributed to Parthenis is, in fact, a copy — and who bows, once again through his words, to the brilliance of Malevich, Cavafy, Cézanne, Picasso, and Matisse. Unknown to most of you, perhaps, yet one of the most important sculptors of our time… Don’t take my word for it. Take a stroll through Thessaloniki, the Cultural Capital, and walk along the seafront. Amidst the unpleasant smells that may reach your nose, a certain quality will strike your eyes. For the past month, Zongolopoulos’s "Umbrellas" have graced the city’s waterfront, sending a message about the enduring value of art in an age that is “deaf” and “blind” — hooked on consuming products with an expiration date.
George Zongolopoulos! "I'm glad," he says, "that this work of mine was installed in its natural setting!" The Minister of Culture promised him it would never be taken down again. That the state would purchase it and offer it as a gift to the city of Thessaloniki. “Please,” he tells me, “don’t write that… I wouldn’t want to put the Minister in a difficult position… maybe he’s changed his mind…” This man lives among us, somewhere in Psychiko. He travels the world exhibiting his works — yet most Greeks remain unaware of him. It took me years to convince him to speak. Perhaps he never would have, if it weren’t for Nikos and Yvonne, two close friends of mine whom the sculptor trusts deeply. I thank them. Our conversation was long… it lasted as long as a dinner shared in good company. You, without any food on the table, may still savor the spiritual nourishment that filled me one evening just a few days ago.
If only we knew, dear God, that we could go on living by eating just a cabbage leaf every two days — life would be more beautiful.

I'm glad that this time our conversation will be made public.
"Let’s see how it goes first; it might not even be interesting in the end."

Honestly, why do you never speak to newspapers, magazines, or digital media?
"What should I say?" (laughs)

You have a thousand things to say — especially you.
"I’ve said everything I had to say in my life through hard work."

However, we live in a time when the artist must do more than just work hard; they also have to take care of promoting their work.
(smiles) "I have never sought publicity."

Why? That’s the question. Why didn’t you pursue something that everyone else considers necessary for success?
"First and foremost, I don’t care about success — and never have! (laughs) It’s not that I don’t enjoy when some people recognize my work. On the contrary, I really appreciate it. I’ve simply always believed that what is worthy of being known will be known; it can’t stay hidden."

So secrets stay hidden because they’re not worthy of being known. (laughs)
“I’m talking about art. Art doesn’t need advertising.”

What is advertising necessary for, then?
“For whatever is meant for immediate consumption.”

Isn’t art meant for consumption?
“In art, something curious happens: you ‘consume’ a painting you like and that inspires you with your eyes, but in a strange way, while you are satisfied by looking at it, the painting itself doesn’t suffer or diminish — it remains intact, waiting for the next pair of eyes to ‘consume’ it! (laughs) In other words, that’s what a work of art is: a human creation without an expiration date! That’s why it doesn’t need advertising.”

So, we advertise what doesn’t withstand the test of time.
"I can’t answer these questions precisely. I’m not a philosopher. What I’ve learned in life is to express myself through hard work and creation."

Honestly, how many years have you been working?
(smiles) "Countless! (laughs) I’ve been working for as long as I can remember."

Have you ever wondered why we work?
"I ease my restlessness through work. When I was a child, I used to skip school and go to Kolokynthou to work and paint."

Why especially in Kolokynthou?
"I really liked it there. There were these large water cisterns that irrigated the orchards. I would look at everything around me and paint. That was my passion."

How old were you then?
"A kid. I was supposed to go to school—well, I didn’t really go. I was always skipping class."

And what about your absences?
“I had a teacher who covered for me. With his tolerance, he basically cashed checks on my behalf!” (laughs)

What do you mean by “checks”?
"He was very strict with everyone. In fact, he had a rod with metal tips on both ends! The pain if it hit you was terrible. But what happened with me? That particular teacher couldn’t draw or write neatly on the board at all. And I, being a calligrapher, took on the role of his scribe! He really pampered me. I bought my freedom with my skill in calligraphy. He passed me to the next grades without me doing anything. I’d leave and go to Kolokynthou, and no one noticed a thing — he never said a word! He played dumb."

Where were you born?
"I was born on Deligiorgi Street, in Omonoia! Always in the city center. Maybe that’s why I liked Kolokynthou so much. I loved the orchards!"

How did this passion for painting strike you? Did your family have any connection to it?
"In my family, everyone was a lawyer — no connection at all."

Then how do you explain this inclination of yours?
"Just as you say: it was my natural inclination."

What exactly do we mean by inclination — talent?
"I can’t explain it. The only thing I can assure you is that I never made childish drawings. I never painted like all children do. From the very first moment I remember, I painted like an adult, like a finished artist. I copied with precision everything I saw. I also copied drawings from books. I had that ability."

You say you never painted in a childish way. Does that mean something?
"I'm simply stating a fact. And of course, I don’t mean that I don’t respect children’s drawings — I consider them exceptional. The great Picasso used to say, ‘I always look at children’s drawings and study them.’ He believed that every child’s drawing hides its own secret; a secret which, if found in an adult’s painting, is what makes it a work of art! Picasso would look at and study children’s drawings, steal their secret, and turn it into Picasso!"

What else did you do as a child besides painting?
"Nothing else. By the time I finished painting, the sun had already set, and I was starving, as usual. To trick my hunger, I’d steal a carrot from some greengrocer’s shop, and for a moment, I found some peace. That’s how I ended my day."

You are one of the few living people who have nearly witnessed the entire 20th century with their own eyes. What do you remember most from a century of life?
“When the Anglo-French forces came in ’14, when I was still a child, I remember a terrible scene, an image. The royalist militia had attacked them. From a balcony where I stood on Ermou Street, I saw them being taken captive with their legs tied and bloodied. That left a deep impression on me. Later, I will never forget the famines of the Occupation. This century had many dark days. It’s one thing to read History and another to live it.”

Do people become better if they live through war?
"A person who has lived through war never wants war again—unless war has turned them into a beast. That is the danger for survivors. Even now, I see human beasts around me, born of war! You know what? In war, all people become tough to survive. But the line between being tough and being a beast is very thin. You become tough to endure, a beast to conquer! What do I mean? War makes you hard, but some, upon discovering that hardness, find their hidden beastly self—and they never come back from it. After the war, after the destruction, I was traveling by ship to Italy. Onboard, I met a judge, a military tribunal judge. He was disillusioned. I asked him why, and he told me: ‘I was horrified by what my ears heard, by what people did to people. Unfortunately, humans are always the same. The Romans did the same things many centuries ago. We haven’t advanced a single step!’ I felt like I was facing a fugitive. He had just escaped a terrible situation. Those of us who lived through wars are fugitives. We know too much about humanity and run away so we don’t have to think about it. The only thing I sometimes wonder about, you know what it is?"

What is it?
"How did we survive? How do we still exist?"

And where does your reflection lead?
“That humans survive with the minimum, not the maximum. Today, we don’t eat one lunch and starve to death. If only we knew, my God, that we could keep living by eating a cabbage every two days. If we knew that, life would be much more beautiful! And those who know it, they forget!”


Tell me something “minimal” that holds the whole meaning of life.
“Good company of two friends and wandering around all day, with wide-open eyes and ears ready to catch even the slightest whisper! Nothing costs as much as good company and abundant time!”

Tell me about an experience like that of yours.
(Smiles) "Many, but I'll tell you a story that comes to mind now. I was 12 years old. With two friends, we set off to go to Piraeus. Back then, there was a train leaving from Akadimia that went to Faliro and from there to Piraeus. When we arrived in Piraeus, we took a boat to Aegina. I've always loved the countryside. We got off in Aegina and slowly made our way up to the top, to the monastery of Panagia. When we got there, dusk was falling. The sun was setting and the world was glowing! We didn’t even think about what we’d do or how we’d get back. When you’re young, you’re not afraid of hardship. You’re ready to endure anything to see something you haven’t seen, to live something you haven’t lived. Suddenly, a monk sees us in the twilight and asks, ‘What do you want here?’ We say, ‘We came to see.’ He gave us some monastery bread and told us to go well. Completely unwelcoming. Back down in the dark at the harbor again. But before we reached down, the cold started cutting us again. This continued for two or three days. On the fourth day, the other two left to return home. I stayed there. There was a boat on the beach where I would sleep at night. Terrible humidity, but great was the desire to live!"

Is a journey without a destination more charming?
"A journey always has a destination. Otherwise, it’s not a journey."

“In the story you tell, what was your destination? Why did you do all those things you did?”
"Let me tell you. I'll never forget that gray—the exact hue of the boat's interior where I slept: a deep gray-blue. That magical color became the revelation of that voyage; that gray-blue which at dusk turns so austerely luminous. To this day, it returns to me whenever I paint. Had I not taken that journey, I might never have discovered it."

"How did that fateful voyage ultimately conclude?"
"One magnificent morning—the sun blazing—I wandered the docks, pondering my next move. Hungry, penniless, yet inexplicably happy watching the fisherman wash the boat I slept in. 'Take the bucket,' he suddenly said, 'fill it with water, and hand it to me.' Wild and untamed as I was, I seized the bucket and obeyed. When finished, he tossed me a coin—a large copper pentara (you wouldn’t know those old coins). It was glorious."

What was a pentara worth back then?
"And worth? I remember—with it, I bought a fine loaf of Aegina bread, and with that bread, a little peace. Then I boarded the steamer back to Piraeus, and from there, the train. And so the journey ended."

And your family—what did they do while you were gone all those days? Weren’t they worried?
"Great upheaval," Zongolopoulos admitted with a wry smile. "I was a difficult child. My family resisted—vehemently—when I declared I'd become a painter."

What did they want you to become?
«Αυτό που δεν έπρεπε να μου συμβεί στη ζωή μου ήταν να αποτύχω. Οι οικογένειες τότε το μόνο που ήθελαν ήταν τα παιδιά τους να μην αποτύχουν. Ας κάνουν ό,τι θέλουν, αλλά να μην ατυχήσουν. Εγώ έχασα και στα επτά μου χρόνια τον πατέρα μου και τα πράγματα δυσκόλεψαν ακόμη περισσότερο».

Σας στοίχισε ο θάνατος αυτός;
«Εντάξει. Ας μην τα ψάχνουμε πολύ αυτά τα πράγματα. Το δυσάρεστο παρελθόν είναι πιο κουραστικό από το ευχάριστο. Γι’ αυτό προτιμώ να κουβαλάω το ευχάριστο. Τα δυσάρεστα τα έχω παρκάρει πολλά χρόνια πριν. (γέλια) Προτιμώ να τα τρώει η σκόνη μερικά πράγματα παρά να με τρώνε εμένα! (γέλια) Γι’ αυτό και όταν κάποιος με ρωτάει, όπως εσείς καληώρα, για τα δυσάρεστα, απαντώ με τα ευχάριστα».

Για παράδειγμα;
«Είμαι ένας άνθρωπος, από τους λίγους σήμερα, που έκανα πατίνι στην Πανεπιστημίου! (γέλια) Η μόνη άσφαλτος τότε, χωρίς μεγάλη κίνηση. Ήταν ο παιχνιδότοπός μας η Πανεπιστημίου. Ή εγώ, ως παιδί, έπαιζα καβαλώντας στο τραμ και ταξίδευα από το ένα μέρος στο άλλο χωρίς εισιτήριο. Έζησα στον στρατό υπέροχα. Πήγα στο μέτωπο. Είχαν ανάγκη από γαλονά και με έκαναν λοχία. Ξέρετε με ποιον παρέα φύγαμε για το μέτωπο; Με τον Κύρου της Εστίας, τον Καραντινό τον αρχιτέκτονα. Εκεί γνώρισα τον Καραντινό και μετά ζήσαμε μια ζωή μαζί. Συνεργαστήκαμε, κάναμε διαγωνισμούς αρχιτεκτονικής και τους κερδίσαμε. Τον Κύρου, στο σημείο όπου είναι ο Ερυθρός Σταυρός σήμερα, έρχεται μια εντολή και τον κατεβάζουν… στη ζούλα. Να μην κάνει στρατό, να τη γλιτώσει, να μην πάει στο μέτωπο. (γέλια) Έχω ζήσει χίλια τέτοια».

Αν μπορούσατε, θα τη γλιτώνατε και εσείς; Δηλαδή, θα αποφεύγατε αν μπορούσατε τον πόλεμο;
«Δεν ξέρω. Δεν τον μπορώ τον πόλεμο, αλλά τι θα γίνεις; Προδότης; Δεν ξέρω. Κανείς δεν θέλει τον πόλεμο, νομίζω, αλλά δεν είναι και λύση να μην πας, να τη γλιτώσεις».

Ποιος σας επηρέασε στη ζωή σας περισσότερο; Υπάρχει κάποιος άνθρωπος;
«Οι φίλοι μου, οι παρέες μου. Για μένα οι παρέες είναι το παν για τη ζωή ενός ανθρώπου. Τι άλλο να κάνεις από το να γίνεις ζωγράφος ή καλλιτέχνης αν η παρέα σου ήταν όπως η δική μου. Ο Πικιώνης, ο Μητσάκης, ο Ρουσόπουλος, ο Κόντογλου, ο Παπαλουκάς: αυτοί ήταν η παρέα μου, αυτοί οι επιρροές μου! Εγώ βέβαια ήμουν πιο νέος, αλλά τους βοηθούσα στα πάντα. Τον Πικιώνη τον βοήθησα πολύ να γίνει καθηγητής. Τελειοποιούσα τα σχέδιά του. Σιγά – σιγά μπήκα στη δουλειά μαζί τους και με τον καιρό αναγνώρισαν τις ικανότητές μου και έτσι δούλεψα 15 χρόνια σχεδιάζοντας σχολικά κτίρια. Έχω και 11 δικά μου σχέδια που δημοσίευσα κάποτε».

Σπουδάσατε αρχιτεκτονική;
«Όχι, όχι. Αλλά συμμετείχα σε διαγωνισμούς. Σχεδίαζα εγώ και με κάλυπταν οι φίλοι με τις υπογραφές τους. Τα σχέδια ήταν δικά μου!».

Πώς γίνεται τώρα αυτό: να κάνει κάποιος τον αρχιτέκτονα χωρίς να είναι;
«Ήμουν αρχιτέκτονας. Απλώς δεν είχα τυπική απόδειξη του τι ήμουν. Πολλοί χάνονται επειδή δεν έχουν τα τυπικά προσόντα. Εγώ σε αυτό φάνηκα πολύ τυχερός! Πολέμησα όμως γι’ αυτό. Δεν φτάνει να αγαπάς κάτι πολύ. Πρέπει να πολεμήσεις γι’ αυτό. Νομίζω ότι εμείς που ζήσαμε πολέμους αυτό το μάθαμε καλά. Εμένα η οικογένειά μου δεν ήθελε να γίνω καλλιτέχνης. Πολέμησα για να γίνω. Όλοι οι μεγάλοι καλλιτέχνες ήταν πολεμιστές. Το πάθος τούς έκανε πολεμιστές. Το περιβάλλον ποτέ δεν αποδέχθηκε μεμιάς τους καλλιτέχνες. Γι’ αυτό ο καλλιτέχνης πολεμάει ώσπου να βρει το πρόσφορο έδαφος, το περιβάλλον που θα του αναγνωρίσει αυτό που έχει και τον διακρίνει. Το να είσαι κάτι και να μην το αντιλαμβάνεται το περιβάλλον είναι ένα είδος ειρωνείας! Αλλά αυτό σε πεισμώνει ακόμη περισσότερο. Αυτό οδήγησε πολλούς μεγάλους καλλιτέχνες, όχι όπως είμαστε εμείς, στην απομόνωση. Ο Ροντέν είχε κλειστεί σε μοναστήρι. Το ξέρετε; Οι καθολικοί παπάδες, οι περισσότεροι, είναι καλλιεργημένοι. Τον είδε ένας παπάς εκεί μέσα και του είπε: “Εσύ, παιδί μου, είσαι μεγάλος καλλιτέχνης”. Το πρώτο του έργο ο Ροντέν το έκανε μέσα στο μοναστήρι και ήταν ο άνθρωπος με τη σπασμένη μύτη. Έτσι σώθηκε ο Ροντέν».

Ένας καλλιτέχνης μπορεί να χαθεί;
«Ποτέ. Αν έχει κάτι να πει, θα το πει και ας μην τον ακούει κανείς την ώρα που το λέει. Ως συνήθως, στο βουνό καταφέρνει να ανεβεί αυτός που ξεκινάει από μηδέν υψόμετρο! Βέβαια, αν πέσεις μέσα σε ένα περιβάλλον που σε καταλαβαίνει, αυτό σου δίνει μεγαλύτερο κουράγιο».

Εσάς ποιος άνθρωπος σας έδωσε κουράγιο στη ζωή σας;
«Η γυναίκα μου, η Ελένη. Υπήρξε ένας υπέροχος άνθρωπος. Αυτή με ενθάρρυνε και άφησα κάποτε το υπουργείο και αφοσιώθηκα στη γλυπτική. Το περιβάλλον, όσο και να το αρνούμαστε, παίζει ρόλο σημαντικό. Πάρε τον Θόδωρο τον γλύπτη, που έχει ταλέντο μεγάλο. Αν έμενε στο χωριό του, δεν θα γινόταν ό,τι έγινε. Πήγε στο Παρίσι και αυτό τον βοήθησε, μη γελιόμαστε».

Βέβαια, υπάρχει όλη αυτή η φιλολογία που λέει ότι πηγαίνοντας στο Παρίσι επηρεάζεσαι από κάτι ξένο. Σε μεγάλο βαθμό, χάνεις τα πρωτογενή χαρακτηριστικά σου ως καλλιτέχνης.
«Αυτά είναι αστεία. Είναι μεγάλο λάθος να γυρίζουμε την πλάτη στην επίδραση του περιβάλλοντος. Αυτή η ξενοφοβία, μη χάσουμε την ταυτότητά μας, είναι λίγο αστεία. Το ζήτημα πάντα για τον καλλιτέχνη είναι τι έχει να πει. Αν έχει να πει, τίποτα δεν τον επηρεάζει αρνητικά. Και στο σπίτι σου να μείνεις κλεισμένος, επηρεάζεσαι. Δεν είναι ανάγκη να πας στη Ρώμη, στο Μόναχο ή στο Παρίσι».

Όταν λέτε ότι η γυναίκα σας σάς ενθάρρυνε να αφήσετε το υπουργείο, τι εννοείτε;
«Όταν γύρισα από το Παρίσι, το υπουργείο μού έδινε μισθό 5.500 για να ξαναπάω ως αρχιτέκτονας. Ήταν σοβαρός μισθός τότε. Μου είχαν δώσει και έναν τίτλο. Αλλά η Ελένη μού είπε: “Τα πράγματα έχουν αλλάξει τώρα. Δεν πρέπει να πας”. Και μου το είπε σε μια εποχή όπου δεν είχαμε να φάμε. Θα σας πω κάτι για να τρομάξετε. Τότε ήταν που πούλησα το σακάκι μου για να φάμε λίγες ημέρες, αλλά στο υπουργείο δεν ξαναπήγα. Αυτό με έσωσε».

Η αρχιτεκτονική πόση σχέση έχει με τη γλυπτική;
«Το κτίσμα είναι ένα γλυπτό!».

Τι σας έμαθε η αρχιτεκτονική ως γλύπτη;
«Την έννοια της κλίμακας. Αυτή η άμεση σχέση της αρχιτεκτονικής με την κλίμακα με ωφέλησε πολύ. Πιστεύω ότι ελάχιστοι Έλληνες γλύπτες έχουν αυτή την αίσθηση στα γλυπτά τους. Ο Μόραλης είναι ένας από αυτούς και ορισμένοι νέοι, όπως ο Λάππας».
Στο Παρίσι πώς βρεθήκατε;
«Όταν παντρεύτηκα, πήγα γαμήλιο ταξίδι για 16 ημέρες. Ήταν το ’38, το ’39, δεν θυμάμαι καλά τώρα. Έτσι κόλλησα. Είδα πράματα και θάματα στο Παρίσι».

Ενώ υπήρξατε αριστερός, ποτέ δεν επηρεαστήκατε από τον σοσιαλιστικό ρεαλισμό. Αυτό μου κάνει εντύπωση.
«Πάντα διαφωνούσα με τον Μακρή πάνω σε αυτό. Δεν μπορούσα ούτε μπορώ ακόμη να στρατευθώ. Είναι ένα προσωπικό μου συναίσθημα αυτό. Δεν διαφωνώ στις ιδέες. Πάντα αριστερές ήταν οι παρέες μου. Κοντά τους σε όλα. Να τους βοηθήσω στα πάντα. Να έρθουν στο ατελιέ μου τον Δεκέμβριο του ’44 και να πετάνε τα όπλα τους πάνω στον καναπέ μου, αλλά εγώ ποτέ δεν πήρα μέρος σε όλα αυτά. Γενικώς ποτέ δεν συμπάθησα τα όπλα».

Γιατί; Ακόμη και αν πρόκειται για την ελευθερία σας;
«Γενικά, αν μου έβαζες το πιστόλι στον κρόταφο και ετοιμαζόσουν να με πυροβολήσεις, θα σε πυροβολούσα πρώτος αν είχα πιστόλι και εγώ. Αλλά ποτέ δεν θα έβαζα πρώτος το πιστόλι στον κρόταφο κάποιου άλλου. Και για να είμαι ειλικρινής, νομίζω ότι όσο μακριά από τα πιστόλια κρατιέται κανείς τόσο το καλύτερο. Πολύ γρήγορα σε αυτή τη ζωή το θύμα γίνεται θύτης! Έχουν γίνει εγκλήματα από τέως θύματα».

Πώς θα σκοτώνατε για να επιβάλετε τις ιδέες σας αν νομίζατε ότι είναι σωστές;
«Πάντα γίνονται εγκλήματα εν ονόματι των ιδεών. Στην πραγματικότητα όμως πρέπει να είσαι εγκληματίας για να σκοτώσεις και όχι ιδεολόγος. Βέβαια η εκδίκηση η λαϊκή πάντα υπήρχε και θα υπάρχει. Γιατί η καταπίεση, η αδικία, σε κάνει κάτι που δεν είσαι. Αυτό είναι το πιο επικίνδυνο».

Υπήρξατε κάποτε θαυμαστής του Ράσελ;
«Μπορεί».

Το λέω γιατί στα φωνοκινητικά έργα σας κάποτε είχατε βάλει πάνω το σήμα του Ράσελ.
«Πάντα με επηρεάζουν καλλιτεχνικά ορισμένες ιδέες ή γεγονότα. Στοιχεία αυτών των επιρροών μου βρίσκεις συχνά στα έργα μου. Αυτό δεν σημαίνει ότι είμαι το ένα ή το άλλο! Πριν από λίγα χρόνια πήρα μέρος σε ένα διαγωνισμό με θέμα το Άουσβιτς. Μου έστειλαν όλα τα ντοκουμέντα για να εμπνευστώ. Είχα συγκλονιστεί από τα ντοκουμέντα. Τον διαγωνισμό τον κέρδισε ένας Ιταλός. Το έργο μου το εξέθεσα όμως στη Βενετία. Ήταν κάτι σημαίες που κινούνταν με νερό. Πάνω τους είχαν το σήμα των Εβραίων ­ το τρίγωνο, ξέρετε ­, που είχαν για να διακρίνουν τους Εβραίους οι Γερμανοί. Με παίρνει λοιπόν προ καιρού ένας κύριος στο τηλέφωνο και μου λέει: “Υποστηρίζετε τους Εβραίους που κατέστρεψαν την ελληνική τέχνη;”. Στην αρχή νόμιζα ότι επρόκειτο για ένα βλάκα. Στη συνέχεια όμως διαπίστωσα ότι είχε ταυτίσει εμένα με τη σημειολογία ενός έργου μου. Του εξήγησα ότι εγώ υποστηρίζω μέσω των έργων μου τους Εβραίους εκείνης της εποχής. Σήμερα δεν ξέρω αν θα τους υποστήριζα. Μπορεί οι ίδιοι οι Εβραίοι να μεταμορφωθούν κάποια στιγμή και σε Χίτλερ, γιατί έτσι είναι η ζωή, είναι άδικη και περίεργη. Εγώ δεν θα συνεχίσω να τους υποστηρίζω. Νομίζω ότι το κατάλαβε αλλά αυτό είναι ένα πρόβλημα, να ταυτίζουμε τον καλλιτέχνη γενικότερα με τη σημειολογία ενός έργου του».
Πάντως, βλέποντας κάποιος το σύνολο του έργου σας μάλλον αστό θα σας χαρακτήριζε παρά αριστερό.
«Αυτά δεν τα δέχομαι. Για μένα αριστερός είναι αυτός που σκέφτεται ελεύθερα, αυτός που δεν κάνει επίτηδες κάτι. Ο Πικάσο εκφραζόταν ελεύθερα. Μέσα σε αυτά που τον ενέπνευσαν ήταν και ο ισπανικός εμφύλιος. Του βγήκε αυθόρμητα η “Γκουέρνικα”. Ήταν στο κόμμα και τους κορόιδευε κατάμουτρα. Ο Πικάσο έκανε πράγματα που άλλοι θα τουφεκίζονταν για αυτά. Αλλά τα πίστευε τη στιγμή όπου τα έκανε. Αυτός είναι ο καλλιτέχνης. Ο καλλιτέχνης έχει το δικαίωμα να αλλάζει οπτικές για να δει και από αλλού τα ίδια πράγματα. Ο καλλιτέχνης δεν είναι καλόγερος ούτε θρησκευόμενος, δεν πιστεύει στα δόγματα».

Εσείς δεν πιστεύετε στον Θεό;
«Ούτε στους ζωντανούς ούτε στους πεθαμένους θεούς. Άλλωστε η πίστη στους θεούς δεν οδήγησε ποτέ πουθενά. Το ’68 φώναζαν όλοι: “Ζήτω ο Μάο Τσε Τουνγκ”. Έγιναν θυσίες στο όνομά του, εγκλήματα. Ποιο το αποτέλεσμα; Πείτε μου εσείς. Εγώ δεν βλέπω να υπάρχει λόγος που έγιναν όλα αυτά. Όπως και στην περίπτωση της πίστης στο όνειρο του υπαρκτού σοσιαλισμού. Το ίδιο ακριβώς. Η εξουσία όπου και αν υπάρχει, είτε Θεός λέγεται, είτε Χίτλερ, είτε Μάο, είτε Στάλιν, είναι ίδια! Απλώς υπάρχουν περίοδοι όπου οι άνθρωποι, μη έχοντας από πού να κρατηθούν, κρατιούνται από την εξουσία, όποια και αν είναι αυτή. Πάντα τέτοιες περιόδους διαδέχονται περίοδοι ντροπής για τον άνθρωπο!».

Άρα οι θεοί είναι επινόηση των ανθρώπων σε στιγμές ανάγκης.
«Ναι, επινόηση που τελικά οδηγεί μαθηματικά στην ντροπή! Και όχι στην εξύψωση, στην ανάταση, στην εξέλιξη! Μόνο η τέχνη οδηγεί τον άνθρωπο στην εξύψωση, στην ανάταση, στην εξέλιξη. Ξέρετε γιατί;».

Γιατί;
«Γιατί για την τέχνη δεν υπάρχουν θεοί. Δουλειά της τέχνης είναι το ξεγύμνωμα των θεών. Από τη μια αυτό το ξεγύμνωμα είναι λυτρωτικό, από την άλλη όμως είναι τραγικό. Δυστυχώς ο Θεός είναι πάντα ένας στόχος, ένα όραμα, που μόλις το φτάσουμε καταλαβαίνουμε ότι κάποιο λάθος κάναμε».

Η τέχνη είναι το μόνο παράθυρο που οδηγεί στη θέα της τελειότητας και όχι του λάθους;
«Η τέχνη δεν έχει να κάνει με το σωστό και το λάθος. Η τέχνη είναι η αγωγή της ζωής. Σε μαθαίνει η τέχνη να ζεις κάνοντας λάθη αλλά και σωστά. Τώρα δεν ξέρω αν είναι η τέχνη παράθυρο. Αν είναι παράθυρο, ο καλλιτέχνης πρέπει να έχει τη δύναμη να το ανοίξει αλλά και να το κλείσει! Δυστυχώς υπάρχουν καλλιτέχνες που το ανοίγουν και το αφήνουν ανοιχτό για πάντα. Ενώ η ψυχή δροσίζεται ανοίγοντας το παράθυρο σε εποχές καύσωνος, παγώνει αν το αφήσεις ανοιχτό και το καταχείμωνο! (γέλια) Γι’ αυτό ο καλλιτέχνης πρέπει να ξέρει πότε ανοίγει και πότε κλείνει το παράθυρο της τέχνης του στους ανθρώπους. Η μεταμόρφωση είναι ο θεός του καλλιτέχνη».

Γιατί μερικοί καλλιτέχνες ξεχνούν το παράθυρο ανοιχτό; (γέλια)
«Γιατί είναι μακριά από το κέντρο. Ο καλλιτέχνης πρέπει να είναι συνεχώς μέσα στο καζάνι που βράζει. Αν θέλει να μεταμορφώνεται. Αν ο Πικάσο δεν πήγαινε εκείνη την εποχή στο Παρίσι δεν θα ήταν σήμερα ο Πικάσο. Ο καλλιτέχνης πρέπει να πηγαίνει στο κέντρο, εκεί όπου η φωτιά καίει. Πάντα υπάρχει ένα κέντρο που “βράζει”. Πρέπει να πας, να αντιμετωπίσεις τη φωτιά. Δεν μπορείς να γυρίσεις την πλάτη σου, επειδή εδώ σου προσφέρουν ένα υπέροχο σπίτι και ένα φουσκωμένο λογαριασμό τράπεζας. Ο καλλιτέχνης δεν ήρθε σε αυτή τη ζωή για να πετύχει. Ηρθε για να καεί, για να μάθει, για να μιλήσει ως ανταποκριτής της φωτιάς. Ο καλλιτέχνης είναι ένα φύλλο χαρτί που πέφτει στη φωτιά, καίγεται, αλλά ζει η λευκότητά του αιώνια!».

Πείτε μου τέτοια παραδείγματα καλλιτεχνών.
«Ο Μάλεβιτς. Ο άνθρωπος που έφτασε να κάνει ένα τετράγωνο υπέροχο… Αυτός ο άνθρωπος ξέρετε τι ζωγράφιζε στα τελευταία του έργα; Τον εαυτό του, πορτρέτο του εαυτού του σε αναγεννησιακή νωπογραφία. Πριμιτίφ. Από την απόλυτη γεωμετρία κατέληξε εκεί… Αυτός ο άνθρωπος μεταμορφώθηκε με βάση πάντα την ποιότητα. Η ποιότητα του έργου του Μάλεβιτς είναι σε τέτοιο βαθμό πνευματική που σωπαίνω».

Όταν λέτε ποιότητα τι εννοείτε;
«Δείτε έναν καλό ζωγράφο και θα τη διακρίνετε. Την ποιότητα την αισθανόμαστε, δεν μπορούμε να την αναλύσουμε, να φτάσουμε στην πηγή της. Βλέπεις τον Αργυρίου και δεν υπάρχει ποιότητα. Ενώ μόλις δεις Παρθένη αναβλύζει η ποιότητα. Και ο Παρθένης πέθανε στην ψάθα. Έτρωγε κολοκυθάκια για να επιβιώσει. Ήταν ένας καταπληκτικός άνθρωπος, τον γνώρισα προσωπικώς. Ένας τύπος κλειστός, αλλά ένας αληθινά πνευματικός άνθρωπος. Και εξαιρετικά ποιητικός. Μετά αρρώστησε, κοιμόταν σε ένα στρώμα κατάχαμα και έδενε το παντελόνι του με ένα σπάγκο. Κατάντημα δηλαδή… Και άλλοι ήταν ακαδημαϊκοί».

Του είχε προταθεί να γίνει αλλά αρνήθηκε.
«Ήταν η φύση του. Αλλά έπρεπε να του κάνουν τιμές, και ας μην ήθελε. Μερικούς ανθρώπους πρέπει να τους τιμάμε για μας, όχι γι’ αυτούς τους ίδιους. Τιμώντας τέτοιους ανθρώπους τιμάμε τους εαυτούς μας. Και όχι μόνο δεν τον τίμησαν, τον άφησαν να ζει με 500 φράγκα τον μήνα τρώγοντας κολοκυθάκια. Περίεργα πράγματα».

Ξέρω ότι σας κουράζω, αλλά θα ήθελα μια πιο σαφή απάντηση στο τι είναι ποιότητα. Ξέρετε, ζούμε σε μια εποχή όπου γύρω μας ακούμε συνεχώς ότι η ποιότητα είναι ο ανθρωποδιώκτης· όποιος την έχει μονάζει, είναι εκτός αγοράς. Πολλοί προσπαθούν να περιγράψουν την ποιότητα σαν ασθένεια που ο κόσμος αποφεύγει.
«Ποιότητα είναι μια μαύρη τελεία που γίνεται όταν τη βλέπεις ουρανός γαλάζιος, θάλασσα. Ποιότητα είναι ακριβώς η αιτία του διαλόγου. Ποιότητα είναι η καλλιέργεια των ματιών, των αφτιών, των αισθήσεων. Μόνο έτσι μπορεί κάποιος να αντιληφθεί το καινούργιο. Όλα αυτά που είπατε πριν τα λένε οι άνθρωποι που ήδη είναι νεκροί, και ας ζουν. Νεκρός είναι ένας άνθρωπος όταν γίνεται γκρουπ και χάνει τη διαφορετικότητά του ή την κλείνει στο ντουλάπι για να μπορέσει να ζήσει με τους άλλους. Σήμερα υπάρχει μια τρομοκρατία. Πρέπει να είμαστε όλοι ίδιου γούστου, αλλιώς καταδικαζόμαστε στη μοναξιά. Σήμερα όλοι, οι περισσότεροι, αμύνονται μπροστά σε κάτι νέο με αξία».

Η εποχή μας έχει πάρει διαζύγιο από την ποιότητα δηλαδή;
«Όσο υπάρχουν ο Βιβάλντι και το πινέλο του Σεζάν και του Ματίς, η ποιότητα θα είναι παρούσα και εν δυνάμει να συναντηθεί με τις ψυχές που είναι σε κίνηση».

Η ποιότητα πού βρίσκεται, στην ψυχή ή στο μυαλό;
«Το μυαλό μπορεί να βοηθήσει την ποιότητα να βγει από την ψυχή».

Υπάρχει κάτι σήμερα που θα θέλατε πολύ;
«Να ξαναγινόμουν παιδί!».

Πότε πάψατε να είστε παιδί;
«Από τη στιγμή όπου αισθάνεσαι ευθύνες, παύεις να είσαι παιδί. Το παιδί δεν έχει ευθύνες, γι’ αυτό είναι ελεύθερο. Δεν έχει εμπόδια, γι’ αυτό και δεν σταματάει μπροστά σε κάτι. Όσο μεγαλώνει τόσο και μεγαλύτερα εμπόδια νιώθει ότι έχει να ξεπεράσει. Στην πραγματικότητα δεν υπάρχουν εμπόδια. Το μόνο εμπόδιο του ενηλίκου είναι ο εγωισμός του. Όταν αποκτούμε εγώ, γινόμαστε υποκριτές».

Δεν πρέπει να έχεις ένα δυνατό εγώ για να δημιουργήσεις κάτι μεγάλο;
«Ίσως. Αλλά την ίδια στιγμή πρέπει να πετάς το εγώ σου από το παράθυρο, όπως έκανε ο Σεζάν με τα έργα του: τα πετούσε από το παράθυρο καμιά φορά και οι κηπουροί τα μάζευαν. Ο γάλλος κηπουρός είχε και έχει πάντα το αίσθημα της τέχνης ­ ευτυχώς! (γέλια) Πάντως υπάρχει κάτι μυστήριο με το εγώ. Από τη μια είναι δημιουργικό, από την άλλη καταστροφικό. Γι’ αυτό πρέπει να το παίρνεις σοβαρά και μετά να το κοροϊδεύεις. Ίσως αυτό να είναι μια λύση».

Τι είναι αυτό που κινεί τον καλλιτέχνη;
«Το ανεξερεύνητο και το ήδη υπάρχον. Η έμπνευση τι είναι; Μια αφορμή, δεν είναι τίποτα άλλο. Βλέπεις ένα έργο και από αυτό εσύ δημιουργείς κάτι άλλο. Εμένα γι’ αυτό μου αρέσει αυτό που κάνω. Γιατί δεν νιώθω μόνος. Υπάρχουν οι άλλοι, γι’ αυτό υπάρχω. Αυτοί είναι η αφορμή μου. Δεν πιστεύω σε ό,τι έρχεται από τον ουρανό, αλλά σε ό,τι είναι πλάι μου και κινείται μαζί με μένα. Θα σας πω κάτι που μου συμβαίνει πάντα, ακόμη και τώρα που είμαι πια μεγάλος. Είμαι κουρασμένος, δεν έχω όρεξη για τίποτα, δεν έχω κέφι. Γυρνάω μέσα στο σπίτι σαν την άδικη κατάρα. Άμα συμβεί και πλησιάσω το ταμπλό, από βαριεστημάρα, γιατί τίποτα δεν θέλω να κάνω, ξαφνικά γίνομαι άλλος άνθρωπος. Οργανικά ξαναστέκομαι στα πόδια μου. Μάλλον αυτό είναι η τέχνη: ένα χάπι που μου φτιάχνει τη διάθεση, αλλά ώσπου να το πάρω ποτέ δεν σκέφτομαι να το πάρω σαν λύση!». (γέλια)

Σας ευχαριστώ.
«Και εγώ».

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Mr. D. N. Maronitis is Emeritus Professor at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.

And a Little Light
I was saying the other day that we’ve been missing the beneficial, mature, and belated word, as a counterbalance to an excessive youth-worship that often ridicules the vigorous and the old. God forbid, I’m not criticizing the young. My whole life, after all, has been spent with students—male and female—dealing with that strange and enchanting age, already hanging by the thread of just-passed adolescence. And now that the cycle of teaching has ended, as it ended, walking through the streets, I focus on the young—and I imagine them. What does that mean? Hard to explain; it certainly has nothing to do with the mute gaze of the neo-Cavafian Smaragdis, who angered me. But that’s another story.
So, I didn’t even get a chance to complain about the absence, in our times, of a comforting elder's voice, and the other day To Vima proved me wrong. I’m referring to two interviews: the first one spacious and gracious, offered by Giorgos Zongolopoulos; the second brief, almost stolen, from Yiannis Moralis. Remarkable texts, which, if stripped of their questions, could be read in the Hellenic Parliament before the daily agenda and broadcast in the evening news.
To avoid misunderstanding: I don’t generally care for ephemeral and periodical interviews—nor, clearly, do Zongolopoulos and Moralis, as their Sunday confessions make clear. But if we must have interviews, to the glory of journalism, perhaps their format should change: let them become self-interviews—a method that could even be applied to eulogies, now that the means exist!
I return to the images and words of Giorgos Zongolopoulos and Yiannis Moralis. For the former, this preliminary comment: all is forgiven for the Thessaloniki Cultural Capital, with all its improbable and probable flaws, if only because it gave us the chance to see Zongolopoulos’ airy umbrellas on the city's seafront—a playful, ironic work by a youthful centenarian, toying with the grey hues of the Thermaic Gulf and the Macedonian sky. As for Yiannis Moralis, I truly regret having moved neighborhoods in recent years, and no longer seeing his very courteous figure buying his morning cigarettes. Both of them seem to swim in time itself—not fearing it, nor being feared by it. I return to the interviews and quote, as proof of my enthusiasm, scattered phrases from both, weaving an arbitrary twin-thread:

Z.: I speak of art. Art doesn’t need advertising.

M.: Am I supposed to stop my work and give interviews or constantly appear on TV just so I’m not seen as a snob?

Z.: Art isn’t about right or wrong […]. I don’t know if art is a window. If it is a window, the artist must have the strength to both open and close it […]. While the soul is refreshed by opening the window during a heatwave, it freezes if left open in midwinter […]. Transformation is the god of the artist.

M.: Are you crazy? No one enters my studio. I do everything myself. If things aren’t exactly in order, I can’t work. I like to return and find them exactly as I left them.

Z.: I always disagreed with Makris on that. I couldn’t and still can’t commit myself to a cause. That’s a personal feeling. I don’t disagree with the ideas. My circles were always leftist. I was close to them in everything. I’d help them in anything. They could come to my studio in December of ’44 and throw their weapons on my couch, but I never took part in any of it. In general, I never liked weapons.

M.: Really? I, on the other hand, think I’m still too talkative.

That’s all—have a good Lent.

GIORGOS ZONGOLOPOULOS
“I'm not interested in commercial success”

Giorgos Zongolopoulos is, above all, a serious artist. An artist who never cared whether he would become commercially successful or not. This is the unanimous conclusion reached by all those involved in the visual arts scene in Greece when asked about the market value of his work. The renowned sculptor is particularly esteemed by art critics and historians—not due to strong public relations (which he never engaged in, according to those who have studied his work)—but “because he is one of the most important sculptors not only of his generation but also of the younger ones, an artist with integrity and quality,” as gallerist Peggy Zouboulaki states.
Zongolopoulos’ contribution to Greek art over the past fifty years is well known and has often been highlighted by scholars of his work. According to Takis Mavrotas, curator of the Pierides Foundation, the sculptor has managed “through the expressive power of his works to strengthen in recent decades the admiration of many art lovers.” That is also why, according to research conducted by To Vima, he is considered today one of the most commercially successful Greek artists: “It is neither coincidental nor unfounded to categorize him as commercially successful—even if he never sought it,” Mavrotas notes.
He never sought it. This was clear from his own words during a brief phone conversation we had with the 94-year-old artist. “What are these things about commercialism?” he replied when we expressed our intention to address this aspect of his long career. “This is absurd, I’m not interested! Let’s talk some other time. Besides, with what you’re writing, the tax office might come after us!” he joked. But behind the humor, he appeared completely resolute in not equating art and money.

Value and Time
“I've noticed that all the artists you've featured in your research so far refuse—out of principle—to accept the label ‘commercial,’ while the commercialization of art has lately taken on dangerous proportions,” says Peggy Zouboulaki sharply. “To set things straight, for most artists—barring a few exceptions—it is time that classifies them in terms of quality and determines the value of their work.” At this point, she emphasizes Zongolopoulos’ unique position and his honesty in both words and actions—“I'm not interested in commercial success”—while noting: “This isn't specific to Zongolopoulos' work. He is an artist whose works exude intelligence, humor, and charm—just like him, who, despite his advanced age, remains full of youthful energy and passion for creation.”
Born in Athens in 1903, Zongolopoulos studied at the Athens School of Fine Arts and worked for nearly ten years at the Architectural Department of the Ministry of Education. In 1948, he went to Paris on a scholarship, and later continued his studies in Italy. He first appeared as a sculptor in 1933, and held his first solo exhibition in Athens in 1948. From then on, his brilliant artistic journey brought him often to major international exhibitions. At the same time, he began receiving commissions for major public works, earning significant recognition: the Monument of Zalongo, the redesign of Omonia Square, the large sculpture at the entrance of the Thessaloniki International Fair in 1964—just to name a few.

Bold Proposals
Starting with marble, then moving on to iron, and later to various materials such as lenses, plexiglass, springs, and more—Zongolopoulos' artistic evolution was full of experimentation and bold propositions. These proposals were duly appreciated by critics and the public, bringing him widespread recognition and raising the prices of his works significantly. “The important work of an artist, provided they have talent, tends to coincide with eras of enthusiasm, love for life, and ideals not linked to ‘commercialism,’” says Zouboulaki. “I believe Zongolopoulos’ work will withstand the test of time and earn an eminent place in the history of contemporary sculpture.”
“Giorgos Zongolopoulos is truly a significant sculptor,” notes art historian and critic Athena Schina. “He belongs to the category of ‘spatial sculpture’ artists. Through his works, he highlights the dynamics and orientation of the ‘invisible’ parameters of space in relation to mass, visual function, light, movement, and distance. He uses water or magnifying lenses, and sometimes elemental units (such as umbrellas) to emphasize these factors, along with the ideas of rhythm, relationships, transparency, and periodicity dictated by his environmental sculptures. In his work, the conceptual and poetic dimensions are delicately harmonized.”
Described by Takis Mavrotas as “the visionary creator of a new sculptural proposal without borrowing from or referencing the work of others,” Zongolopoulos, through time and his captivating artistic innovations, established himself in the Greek art market as one of its strongest figures. “His most commercially successful works are those made with lenses, stainless steel, and plexiglass, playing an endless game of image transformations—form and shape, size and intensity depending on the viewer’s movement,” says Mavrotas. “I’m referring to pieces like Lens and Umbrella, Umbrellas and Lens, or Lens and Leaf from 1991. As for his 1991 installation at the Venice Biennale, with umbrellas and moving water, it undoubtedly represents a major achievement in his artistic evolution.”
“Although I’m not involved in art commerce—since that is influenced by non-artistic factors unrelated to the aesthetic significance of a work—I believe the quality and Hellenic essence of Zongolopoulos’ creations, along with their relative scarcity compared to other artists' output, the study of balance that precedes the technical execution of his sculptures, and the way serious criticism has received him, are the main reasons—along with his awards—that account for his ‘commercial success,’” adds Schina. She believes the most appealing periods of his work to collectors are those involving lenses and umbrellas.
“However, we should not overlook his monuments,” she continues. “The significance of a piece derives from the time period in which it was created, the propositions it introduces, its societal and aesthetic interventions, and how the artist advances the philosophy of the art form. Beyond all this, artists who respect themselves, their vision, and their audience are not influenced by the commercial value of their works. Zongolopoulos undoubtedly belongs to this category. Others, however, are swayed by demand—even rapidly increasing their prices. He is beyond all that.”

And Financial Recognition
Thus, despite the fact that Giorgos Zongolopoulos’ works are bought and sold for millions of drachmas, as To Vima’s research has shown, and although this understandably provides the artist with comfort in his life, those close to him say he has never been swayed by high prices. “Being considered commercially successful doesn’t mean an artist is also important or accomplished, since other factors—such as marketing, fashion, public relations—mainly influence commercial success,” Zouboulaki says, emphasizing that Zongolopoulos’ commercial appeal is simply one consequence of the great significance and quality of his work.
“It depends on the artist’s ethos—toward their art and their audience—how much they will be influenced in their creation by the market value of their works,” concludes Mavrotas. “Zongolopoulos has, throughout his life, served art in the purest form of its aesthetic values, showing complete disregard for its commercialization. That’s why each of his works stands as testimony to a powerful act: the joy he feels when creating sculpture.” And perhaps it is precisely this joy of creation that has given his work such high market value. Giorgos Zongolopoulos, even if he never sought it, came to be seen as “expensive” and “commercially successful” because he used his talent joyfully, devoting more attention to the word art than to recognition. And it was his art that eventually brought him (financial) recognition as well.
The Prices of His Works
At the exhibition Giorgos Zongolopoulos held at the end of the 1980s at the Bernier Gallery, small compositions with umbrellas were sold for around 4 million drachmas. Observing the art market, it becomes clear that his work continues to attract collectors, regardless of the period in which it was created. It's roughly just as easy to sell an older Zongolopoulos work as a newer one. Naturally, older pieces often carry slightly more “inflated” prices than newer creations. However, there are no drastic differences, and the artist has remained for many years one of the most popular visual artists among art collectors.
Indicatively, his works from the 1960–1965 period are sold today, depending on their size, from 2.5 to 9 million drachmas. Similarly, maquettes of his large-scale works range from 900,000 to 1.5 million drachmas. Recent small-scale compositions start from 800,000 drachmas and often exceed 1.5 million. Naturally, many large-scale environmental sculptures were commissioned directly and involved special financial agreements unrelated to the general “market value” of his work for private collectors.

The Prices of His Works
At the exhibition Giorgos Zongolopoulos held at the end of the 1980s at the Bernier Gallery, small compositions with umbrellas were sold for around 4 million drachmas. Observing the art market, it becomes clear that his work continues to attract collectors, regardless of the period in which it was created. It's roughly just as easy to sell an older Zongolopoulos work as a newer one. Naturally, older pieces often carry slightly more “inflated” prices than newer creations. However, there are no drastic differences, and the artist has remained for many years one of the most popular visual artists among art collectors.
Indicatively, his works from the 1960–1965 period are sold today, depending on their size, from 2.5 to 9 million drachmas. Similarly, maquettes of his large-scale works range from 900,000 to 1.5 million drachmas. Recent small-scale compositions start from 800,000 drachmas and often exceed 1.5 million. Naturally, many large-scale environmental sculptures were commissioned directly and involved special financial agreements unrelated to the general “market value” of his work for private collectors.

SCULPTOR GIORGOS ZONGOLOPOULOS AND HIS WORK “AITHRION” FOR THE METRO

He brought light underground
An ambitious underground artwork with the playful title “Aithrion” (“Atrium”)—which brings an open sky feeling into the depths of Syntagma Station—is a true gift to Athens. Sculptor Giorgos Zongolopoulos created it for the Metro, and in just a few days, it will become public property.

There are fairy tales that speak of someone stealing the sun or the moon and locking it in a well. With his work Aithrion, created for the Metro station, Zongolopoulos managed to turn such myths on their head—he brought natural light into the underground.
Last May, the then 97-year-old Zongolopoulos was shown the still-unfinished Syntagma Metro station, to see if he’d like to propose an artwork. Rather than choosing the high-profile main hall, he focused on… a hole. It was the tunnel entrance once used by the tunnel boring machine—a massive shaft that was to be refilled. The space was completely raw, positioned above the corridor leading to the Monastiraki Line. “I’ll think about it,” he said as he left. Within a week, he submitted seven models and three proposals.
“I was generally interested in putting the shaft to good use, not letting it die. I think it was a tool of the Metro,” the artist told Ta Nea.

The shaft was a vertical tube with a diameter of 8.80 meters and a height of 18 meters, with a corridor running beneath it—bringing the total height to 22 meters.
Sketches, folders, variations upon variations—Zongolopoulos entered a creative frenzy.
He left the shaft as it was, merely lining it with a mirror-like surface of stainless steel that followed the contours of the ground. That was it. The well, the hole, gained the texture and color of flowing water, reflecting daylight and nightlight. Within this “cannon,” he suspended staircases and colorful umbrellas that move gently with a light breeze.

The reflections of the objects themselves create a shape—“a fantastical image, essentially a painting,” Zongolopoulos concludes.
Above, he designed a canopy—“lightweight, not heavy, not mimicking the classical architecture of the surrounding walls,” while on the floor of the station, another metal mirror reflects the entire shaft and its natural light—“so you don’t have to strain your neck to look up.”
“That would be tiring for an older person,” he adds.
“I imagined that for someone standing underground, beneath this opening, the feeling would be oppressive. The stairs leading upward suggest a desire to ascend. But they’re not continuous—they’re broken,” he explains.

And the perforated umbrellas—what do they mean? Like they're saying, ‘Don’t be afraid of the rain’?
“They feature the primary colors of painting and resemble antennas and dishes—symbols of how we communicate with the world.”
Art critic Efi Andreadi once wrote that Zongolopoulos’ forms “are summarized in vertical works that rise almost weightlessly, and although they are based on deep structural knowledge, they maintain a sense of spontaneous lightness.”
And this mysterious freshness and creative spark in his work is ecstatic—and in moments of ecstasy, one doesn’t speak. The composition is not only a composition of elements, but also of the arts themselves.

Walking beneath Zongolopoulos’ Aithrion in Syntagma Metro, one does not feel claustrophobic, as though buried deep beneath the earth—though that is, in fact, where they are. Instead, they feel uplifted, drawn upward, as if standing beneath a church dome.
In his works of recent years—made with fine stainless steel in minimal cross-sections—he worked with light in pursuit of unity. “Like a surgeon serving plasticity, he placed elixirs of youth upon the skin of the earth,” wrote Christos Papoulias about him. Perhaps that’s the secret to his longevity, and that untamed youthful spirit that surrounds him.

One reason might be the late-in-life love and recognition he now enjoys. Let’s not forget that one of his projects—the fountain at Omonia Square—was never completed and was eventually destroyed. Before that, Zongolopoulos was building houses.

In Memory of Giorgos Zongolopoulos — "In order to exist..." An unpublished conversation with the great sculptor who passed away a few days ago Almost every time a significant artist departs from life, it’s written that “the entire art world mourns.” It’s a commonplace phrase — overused to the point of losing meaning. So when a case like the death of the great sculptor, painter, and architect Giorgos Zongolopoulos arises, it becomes hard to express the prevailing feeling. Certainly, the great artist left us at a ripe old age: dictionaries say he was born in 1903, though many who knew him claimed he was even older. Yet the sorrow stems more from his absence. He is missed — by everyone. He had already been missed in recent times, having grown frail and withdrawn. And now, of course, he will be missed forever. As everyone who knew him agrees, he was always “young in thought.” That, despite the sadness, was what his longtime friend, the sculptor Michalis Katzourakis, told me: “Giorgos began a completely different kind of work at the age of seventy — entirely unlike what he had done up to that point, and for which he had become best known. Others at that age are ending a career, not starting a new one.” I have to admit that for years, I hoped for a chance to meet Giorgos Zongolopoulos. It wasn’t easy. Partly due to his personality — not the kind that naturally "clicks" with journalists — and partly due to his advanced age, I had abandoned the attempt more than once. When I finally visited his home for the first and only time, it was thanks to a mutual friend, Yiannis Delikostopoulos, who admired Zongolopoulos’s sculpture and had recently purchased a small piece. So I went, feeling somewhat like an uninvited guest at a birthday party, unsure of the arrangements — not even knowing if the artist had been informed that I was a journalist. He had, of course, been informed. Upon entering his home in Psychiko, I immediately wondered whether there was anything this man didn’t know. I found myself in front of a crystal-clear conversationalist with sharp humor and a deep sense of self-irony. He didn’t even let me reassure him that I simply wished to talk, and that we could do a proper interview in the future. “In the future?” he asked, smiling. I didn’t publish our conversation at the time — not because there wasn’t reason, as he himself pointed out — but because it felt so personal. “Look,” he told me, “I’ll give you material for an interview now. Use whatever you want from our talk, whenever there’s reason. I just don’t think there’s a reason now, you understand? I’ve made everything public. Everything I’ve done. All my works. Even the models you see here — I’ve shown them.” Although I knew he was right, I said his public works in Athens could serve as a reason. “Even those,” he replied, “have already been presented. In fact, after I did the piece in Syntagma and the unveiling took place, the attacks began. They said, ‘Zongolopoulos got 100 million.’ Well…” I asked, was it the press that wrote that? “No, no,” he said. “Some artists said it.” Internal squabbling, I noted. “Grumbling,” he said. “And it had spread among many artists. But the idea was simple: the people who commissioned the work made the right decision. They assigned certain individuals to propose projects. Then there were competitions. And honestly, at my age, I think I deserve to have a work placed somewhere without a competition. To propose something myself, I mean.” He looked at me. “Consider that,” he said, “a part of the interview. A piece of the material.” I thanked him. “So,” he continued, “Omonia is finally happening. You know, that sculpture I showed in Venice, on the platform. I did that for many years — I’d go to Venice and present something. Now, of course, you’ll ask me, why do I still do it? To exist. In order to exist…” “When you’ve lived a hundred years, there comes a moment when you think: Basta!” Besides Omonia, I said, there was also the piece near the airport. “Yes, yes,” he replied. “We’re working out an arrangement there — a kind of loan. But of course, if I die sooner, they get to keep the piece!” He laughed. Yiannis and I, who had been quiet until then, knocked on wood furiously. Then my friend asked a question I don’t think I would ever have dared to ask: “Are you afraid of death?” “Afraid?” Zongolopoulos replied. “When you’ve lived a hundred years, there comes a time when you think: Basta! Your strength starts to fade — and that, more than death itself, is what scares me.” Still, I said, it seems the work never stops. “I admit,” he said, “that I have very good assistants.” I decided to change the subject and asked why, beyond public sculptures, he hadn’t held an exhibition — say, at the National Museum of Contemporary Art. “They’ve proposed it,” he answered. “And I would like to. That woman who’s the director there — Anna Kafetsi — she’s doing things, always rushing around, traveling, researching. And what she writes is often very insightful. But I don’t do exhibitions unless I have the work. I won’t do an exhibition unless I’m ready.” Still, I said, I have the feeling that Giorgos Zongolopoulos follows the art scene very closely. “I can’t go to two exhibition openings in a single day anymore. I can’t take it. But I do go to one — when there’s something I want to see.” What does he consider noteworthy? I asked. “My friend,” he said, “Michalis Katzourakis is a good sculptor. Very sound. You should interview him.” I have, I said — when he held his retrospective at the Macedonian Museum of Contemporary Art, and later at the Factory of the Athens School of Fine Arts. “Ah, you’ve spoken with him? Good. Among the older ones, Xenakis is good. ‘Older,’ of course, is relative — he’s not older than me. And among the younger ones, Giorgos Lappas is very good. And so is Giorgos Gyparakis. Very young still, but good. In any case, this work takes a long time. Cultivating the eye is a long process. And difficult. I remember when I started to understand certain things. It was when I saw Picasso’s Guernica, at the Spanish pavilion, in 1937. That’s when I started to understand. That’s how it is. You either enter that world — slowly begin to grasp it — or you don’t at all. It’s not about whether someone does realism or abstraction or anything else. And it has nothing to do with age. Giannis Pappas, for example, went somewhere entirely different with his work later in life.” And so did Zongolopoulos, I said. “Yes,” he replied. “The same.” At that moment, as Giorgos Zongolopoulos sat with his back to the balcony door, I saw a giant turtle crossing the garden lawn. I must have sounded childish when I exclaimed: “A huge turtle!” “Ah yes,” said Zongolopoulos. “We have two in the garden. They screw all the time!” With laughter, we stood up to leave, thinking perhaps we had tired him. It’s easy to say this now, after the sad news of his death, but I often had our conversation in mind. The last time I saw him was a month or two later, at the opening of a friend’s exhibition. We brought him a chair — though he didn’t ask — and he sat and watched. Beside him stood the painter Demos Kokkiniadis. I had come with a childhood friend — tall and beautiful. I approached to say hello and introduce her. Zongolopoulos made a motion to stand. “See, master?” said Kokkiniadis, nodding toward the girl. “You see?” “Ah,” Zongolopoulos replied. “The only pleasures we have left are visual!”
Σχόλια & κριτικές

Comments & Reviews

ALEXANDROS XYDIS
"Zongolopoulos 1990"

Since 1979, he has also been working on hydrokinetic constructions, combining stainless steel with water that flows either gently or unexpectedly and spasmodically.

These more recent works were exhibited in Brussels (Europalia ’82) and, more recently, in Athens in 1984. Pleasant to both the ear and the eye, with a rustling sound across the sculptural elements.

These are works one would wish to see installed in public spaces — works that prove spiritual youth and artistic merit are not bound by age.

VEATRIKI SPILIADI

"Zongolopoulos 1990"
It would not be an exaggeration to say that this year's most significant contribution to the "realm of hope" — as Marcuse defined painting and sculpture — is the sculptural work of George Zongolopoulos (Goethe Institute). This assessment has nothing to do with the artist’s age, which, in any other case, might have been used as a mitigating factor.

It is, however, truly admirable that such a vibrant and fresh body of work is being produced by an artist who, for many years now, could have rested on his laurels.

DIMITRIS PAVLOPOULOS

K. Adam Editions 2007
An indefatigable and inquisitive sculptor, painter, and sculptor, tested in practice rather than on paper, eternally youthful in thought and creation, always combative, he sought for his work to be in harmony with nature.

Particularly in his mature period, he incorporated elements of nature itself into his works, and with great inventiveness, he imparted movement and breath to them, ultimately conveying to the viewer expressiveness, poetry, lyricism, and a sense of contemplation.

Giorgos Zongolopoulos (1902/3–2004) is considered one of the most important modern Greek sculptors, among the first Greek visual artists to embrace abstraction, and he managed to recycle in his work various artistic periods and concerns spanning nearly a century.

Combative, inventive, original, multifaceted, and tireless, undoubtedly in all periods of his artistic journey, he succeeded in creating distinctive work that combines the playfulness of a child with the intellectuality of a mature man. His artistic creation, internationally recognized, spans nine decades and is characterized by an unceasing desire for renewal.

A restless and inquisitive sculptor, he quickly realized how essential architectural structure was for his works. He did not disdain any area of subject matter: he worked on busts, memorials, funerary monuments, free compositions, developing the categories of relief, full-round, and freestanding works.

He also created architectural and other designs, as well as paintings, which, in combination with his sculpture—ranging from abstraction to optical-kinetic art—complete his journey in modern and contemporary Greek creation.

An artist with rich activity, without being limited by established solutions, he did not hesitate to reject what he had applied and exhausted, to proceed to untested, bold choices. In his works, from a certain point onward, he utilized the "fascinating," as he called it, water element, in combination with metal and plexiglass.
His imagination always proved inexhaustible, his ability to handle his materials with ease indisputable, his passion for expression unquenchable, his enthusiasm fervent, his will to live indomitable. Until the end, he sought fruitful morphological dialogue and reflection.

In the decisive decade of the 1950s for post-war Greek art, Zongolopoulos had already made significant strides (contemporaneously with sculptors Klearchos Loukopoulos, Achilleas Apergis, and Kostas Koulentianos, who later admitted Zongolopoulos's influence on his own works) towards abstraction—preceded certainly by Christos Kapralos and Lazaros Lameras—enduring in Greece the harsh criticism of representational artists and the prejudiced reaction of an audience unfamiliar with abstract tendencies in sculpture. He was supported by some isolated voices in art criticism.

The trajectory of Giorgos Zongolopoulos—for which a doctoral dissertation is still lacking—can and should be studied in this book primarily chronologically: the years of study and apprenticeship, his work on commissions for busts, memorials, and funerary monuments, his innovations with hydrokinetic and photokinetic sculptures, his participation in major international exhibitions, the reception of his work.
With these prerequisites as necessary and sufficient conditions, the thematic and stylistic axes of his artistic creation will be highlighted.

The artistic creation—sculpture, painting, drawings, and architecture—of Giorgos Zongolopoulos extends over an unusually long span of years. The researcher thus finds themselves in a challenging position, as they must approach and assimilate efforts with a multiplicity of types and variety of forms.

Is Zongolopoulos the representational sculptor of the pre-war period or the abstract creator of the post-war years? The answer to this question lies within the works themselves.

Our artist constitutes the most characteristic case, after Giannoulis Chalepas, of an unexpectedly transformative journey from representational to abstract art.

DIMITRIS FATOUROS

"Zongolopoulos 1990"
Thessaloniki should be proud of its acquisition—not only for the sculptural work of G. Zongolopoulos itself but also because a work of art participates actively and positively in the aesthetic function of the city.

From this perspective, Thessaloniki stands not merely at the forefront of similar efforts in the Balkans but also holds a place within Europe. We must congratulate the Thessaloniki International Fair (TIF) for its initiative: despite the short period it had to commission the work, and the even shorter time available for its installation and the shaping of its surroundings.

Just as Rotterdam has its Pevsner, Thessaloniki has its Zongolopoulos.

EFI ANDREADI

Efi Andreadi - Art Critic, Athens, 1993
"ZONGOLOPOULOS, XLV Venice Biennale 1993"

The sculptor George Zongolopoulos was granted the gift to sing loudly—and above all, clearly—throughout an entire long life devoted to his art. In doing so, he was truly able to awaken all those who were fortunate enough to be able to listen.

Naturally, during his early creative years in the 1940s, he was influenced by the movements shaping the art of Western Europe, as he always acted as an artist beyond the narrow confines of his homeland. He was particularly influenced by abstract surrealism and the remnants of neoplasticism.

Zongolopoulos never possessed a “fetish” for modernism. But in order to satisfy his own creative restlessness, to experiment with new methods and ultimately to forge his own artistic language, he had to, as a Greek, transcend and overcome centuries-old conventions and principles that connected sculpture and its validation in space with the carving or molding of natural material. Very early on, he moved from the “sculpture” of materials to “construction,” exploring and testing new materials that could more convincingly express our technological age.

From his early bronze or iron works, where his interest in “structure” becomes increasingly evident, his forms are distilled into vertical pieces that rise almost weightlessly. While grounded in a deep understanding of internal structure, they manage to retain a character of light, improvised spontaneity. His work increasingly investigates the role of emptiness in space, as well as the substance of a transparency that liberates his “script” from the immovable supports of constructivist practice.

Into his work enter “kinetic” elements, which create a new relationship with time. Meanwhile, space—elastic, almost fluid—comes to play a distinct role in the structure of the piece. This material-less presence is first indicated by the “lenses,” which capture, magnify, and refract the luminous fluidity of form, and ultimately by water, which, as he himself said, is the “blood of the sculpture”—that which allows it to breathe, move, and rustle.

His works from the last decade focus on and utilize transparency, weight, and the flow of water through complex or simple mechanisms—pipes, tubes, chains, etc.

Light, through its reflections on metal and liquid surfaces, adds intensity to these constructions. Their rhythm—like in all of Zongolopoulos’ work—is never abrupt. Through these works too, he serves what Pevsner called “the mythology of variable space,” in a direct, graceful, light-footed way, and always with a sense of humor.

In some pieces, he begins with the idea of a perpetuum mobile (perpetual motion machine), while in others—especially in his “Rains”—he imprints on metal a graphic-like development that masterfully encompasses and poetically defines the intangible, immaterial, and eternally present void. In these “lenses,” Zongolopoulos brings to sculpture the other dimension of movement—“optical” movement—through effects of magnification, light, and the illusion of distances and scales. In the most recent piece of the series, where the lens is combined with drawing (Imprint), the work takes on a compelling surrealist atmosphere.

With this important series, we see the circle entering Zongolopoulos’ work and becoming the framework for new structures—structures he intends to be permeated by the surrounding space (such as the large circle with springs), or rotating around imagined axes. The movement the sculptor is now exploring relates to water, its flow, and its weight—elements well known to have always fascinated kinetic artists.

M. ANDRONIKOS

"Zongolopoulos 1990"
The reaction stems from the simple fact that Zongolopoulos’ work is non-representational—in other words, it does not depict something we can recognize and thus feel satisfied that we understand.

But how can one explain, in a few words, that non-representational works of art can be just as valuable as representational ones, and that in our time the most important sculptural monuments are no longer representational?

M. MARAGKOU

Kathimerini, June 16, 1993
We experienced it in 1986 with Kostas Tsoklis, who had a body of work that was hard to rival and whom everyone considered the favorite for the award. We experienced it again this year with Giorgos Zongolopoulos, whom "public opinion" expected to receive the sculpture prize, given that the pure sculptors were absent.

MANOLIS MAVROMATIS

Magazine, Themes of Space and the Arts – Or. Doumanis
In that same exhibition, Giorgos Zongolopoulos' work is presented through a kinetic construction. Inside a metal circle, shaped with architectural proportions, small springs maintain infinitesimal movements.
One of the pioneers of optical and kinetic art in Greece, Giorgos Zongolopoulos engages in research aligned with similar interests in the international field of artistic thought, where optical and kinetic movements represent the mature and advanced explorations of the last decade.
In this phase of his work, which began around 1968, his earlier preoccupation—representative of his artistic practice—is continued with new media and tools. That earlier period was already focused on clearly emphasizing the structure and method of construction of the artwork (Venice Biennale, 1964).

Structure becomes more apparent in his optico-kinetic works and is organized exclusively according to the functional relationships between the ways in which the materials’ properties are used and the phenomena they produce: movement, color changes, refraction, continuous transformation of shape and form. This work leads to an economy of means and cultivates—alongside simplicity and the rejection of aesthetic preconditions—a multiplicity in diverse areas of research. These may differ from one another, yet are marked by the same spirit of exploration into change, its developments, and the logical processes involved in shaping and articulating artistic sensitivity.

Zongolopoulos (Hellenic-American Union, May–June 1971) revealed an entirely new aspect of his genius with “kinetic” works that show a remarkably youthful delight in the possibilities of light and moving surfaces, along with exceptional inventiveness.

MARINOS KALIGAS

"Zongolopoulos 1990"
In his recent work, Zongolopoulos appears to engage in a dialogue with what I had once described as a "dynamic calm." He now proposes a concept of "calm action," activating natural forces (water, gravity), and setting into motion restrained movements that generate a constant transformation of forms.

NTENIS ZACHAROPOULOS

Excerpts from a 1984 text, “ARTI 15, 1993”
Over the course of fifty years of work, Zongolopoulos manages to maintain one of the most dynamic and dialectical stances regarding the continuous transformations, ruptures, and shifts tirelessly carried out by his oeuvre, with the sharp insight of a researcher.

The spirit that characterizes his conception transcends the narrow limits of the artwork as a constructed object, opening up instead to a clear questioning of the function and very essence of art itself. In this sense, Zongolopoulos is a contemporary artist—not merely because he adapts to the demands of a new era, nor because he studied or even absorbed the lessons of Picasso, Brancusi, or more recent masters, but because he abandoned all ready-made solutions and all pre-formulated formal problems, taking the risk of participating critically in his time. His investigative drive is not limited to sterile experimentation or superficial combinations of forms, but manages—with courage and decisiveness—to set forms into function and functions into question.

The continuous transformations of his work aim at a clear and integrated artistic consciousness—one that not only actively rejects the subjugation of the artist to the iconographic or representational imperatives of dominant ideology, but also persistently and positively grapples with the need for a substantial grounding of art’s essence. He decisively embraces the artistic act as a coherent aesthetic and ideological whole that fulfills a social and historical function—not merely as content, nor as style or form, but as a mode of being in itself.

Constantly confronting himself with the viewer, the materials with the specific space, and their physical properties with their aesthetic function, he searches continuously and relentlessly challenges every finite form—doing so in a way that not only surprises (in this sense, he is not “modern” in the narrow sense of the term) but also, through a generous imagination, allows for the revelation of new possibilities for humanity, the city, the world.

PATROKLOS KARANTINOS

"Zongolopoulos 1990"
An exceptional work was gifted to the city of Thessaloniki by the International Exhibition. It is the large metal sculpture, approximately 18 meters tall, by the sculptor Giorgios Zongolopoulos, which stands with a striking presence at the main entrance of the Exhibition grounds. The scale of the work and the dynamic composition of its elements into a bold sculptural form enliven this characterless, unshaped urban space. The monument’s vertical axis is accentuated by the horizontal paving of the square where the sculpture is installed and by the long, low entrance wing that discreetly extends in a well-positioned layout.

In the composition of space, gate, and monument, the latter serves as the central element—a focal point, a landmark, a vibrant, pulsating sculptural symphony that activates the vast plaza and lends the main entrance of the Exhibition a distinct character of elevated significance.

STELIOS LYDAKIS

"Zongolopoulos 1990"
Examining Zongolopoulos’ work through its various phases up to the present, we observe that his most recent creations appear as a harmonious continuation of his efforts to master structural grids of a Cubist–Constructivist character. In this phase, the interplay of shadow and light is intensified and emphasized through the activation of the light source and the calculated consideration of its effects—leading the artist to the development of photokinetic constructions, which are exhibited at the Hellenic-American Union.

The fact that Zongolopoulos, through his abstract works, creates connections to reality (at least in certain cases) by giving them titles such as “Nocturne,” “Byzantine,” or “From a Window” reveals the romantic sensibility that has characterized him even in the past.

TONIS SPITERIS

Venice Biennale Catalogue, 1964
The Extensions of Dimension At this moment, Giorgos Zongolopoulos is one of the most accomplished sculptors working in Greece.

The path he followed to liberate himself from the constraints of realism was a slow one. Through successive stages, he moved from a simplified representational style to more schematic forms, having engaged in a series of experiments visibly influenced by Etruscan statues, which he studied intently during his frequent travels to Italy. Later, he arrived at an abstract symbolism, where only very distant references to the tangible world can be found. His work with metal allowed him to break free from the limitations imposed by the static nature of other materials. At this stage, he engages in a prolonged dialogue where his sole concern is the architecture of forms and their organization in space.

The sculptures presented at the Biennale suggest a strong interest in exploring the extensions of dimension. Zongolopoulos frees himself from the concretization of volumes and masses, from rigid, geometric diagrams, and instead seeks to investigate the dynamic element—creating a complex space in which all the energy is concentrated, thanks to the economy of planes and the sense of solidity in the forms. Moreover, his need to "construct" (a result of his long engagement with architecture) leads him to build his compositions through the placement of successive elements rather than through perforation or erosion of the material. This eliminates any element of randomness from his work, giving it an expressive intensity and extensions that are intrinsically linked to his cultural background.

CHRISTOS PAPOULIAS, Form's Epiphany

ARTI 15 1993
Modern artworks—especially installations and constructions—have come to be seen as landscapes, whether inside or outside architecture. Their placement within or around built structures creates a secondary horizon, a displaced world that is deposited upon our familiar architectural space with complete and undeniable autonomy.

This new horizon of intellectual pleasure and emotion shifted the focus away from the simple search for form, favoring instead a mental "installation" within the viewer’s perception. These mental landscapes rely on abstraction as an ontological function, and their relationship with architectural space is governed by entirely different principles, making dialogue between the two almost impossible—especially when "artful" architecture becomes hegemonic, claiming the horizon of morphological exploration for itself.

The relationship between architectural space and the space defined by contemporary art has changed. It no longer depends on events that once defined the framework for dialogue between the two arts. A series of ruptures has brought to light more urgent values for today’s world—values that have made concepts like proportion, rhythm, harmony, part-to-whole ratios, and the golden ratio sound outdated or secondary. Still, since these values possess an ontological and biological basis, it seems impossible to completely leave them behind. What we now witness is an attempt—primarily by artists working in installations and constructions—to redefine these values within the new framework in which contemporary art is created. With the current acceptance of this new horizon—after the separations and autonomies that made ruptures more central (we no longer speak of “avant-gardes”)—we are now able to turn our attention to composing new principles of harmony, proportion, and rhythm, perceived as mental categories in a new order of reading artworks, demanded by the functions of abstraction. From now on, we have no difficulty reconciling with the old term: SCULPTURE.

Of course, within this vast freedom, there are works—mainly by younger artists—where the emphasis on mental motion sometimes undermines form, reducing them to mere outflows of fluidity. The "game of glass beads" offers endless possibilities of successive definitions. What brings reassurance, however, is that our return to the old term sculpture, partially prompted by the contemporary dialogue between art and architecture, allows for the continuation of tradition. This, perhaps, is why we find ourselves today speaking once more about the sculpture of contemporary artists: a need to reconstruct certain traditional principles within the conception of the artwork.

The sculptor George Zongolopoulos enters the contemporary scene from the opposite direction. Conceptual categories appear superfluous to his work. He emerges like a man on a raft, salvaging fragments of sculptural form, collecting them as he crosses the century in search of it. Born at the dawn of the century of great ruptures with tradition, he carries within him the cellular memory of everything that was rejected. Proportion, harmony, rhythm—these are innate in his work, just as kindness and integrity are innate when he sculpts. The ruptures in his art do not shout. The very notion of sculpture remains a noble lady—one that his gentle and noble character would find impossible to reject. Moreover, compared to his contemporaries, Zongolopoulos has an ace up his sleeve: architecture.

In the years of great poverty in his uneducated homeland, where practicing art was tantamount to suicide, he survived by working as an architect. Living between Paris and Athens, he adapted the ecological character of his work to the demands of the times, ensuring that his work remained perpetually contemporary. But his homeland did not understand him. It tormented and punished him. It awarded him first prizes in public project competitions—projects that were never realized, while monstrosities sprang up in their place (e.g., Klafthmonos Square), perhaps because he did not frequent ministry corridors or wait outside municipal offices. The National Gallery busies itself with retrospective exhibitions of mediocre artists, while it conspicuously ignores him.

My opinion is that the large sculpture in front of the Greek Pavilion at this year’s Venice Biennale should be purchased by the state and the sculptor should be allowed to choose the location in Athens where it will stand permanently.

Zongolopoulos, steadily steering his raft, has always closely followed not only developments in his own art but also in architecture, while also exercising his criticism of institutional structures. In 1991, when I participated with others in the Venice Architecture Biennale in the same space where he is now exhibiting alone on behalf of Greece, he was the only Greek artist who actively showed interest in our proposal to create a new Greek Pavilion and demolish the pseudo-Byzantine disgrace of the existing one, which can in no way engage in dialogue with contemporary Greek art—even if the outdated institution of the Biennale itself, with its national representations, has lost relevance. At the time of writing, we have not yet seen the Biennale in person—only photographs and rough impressions of how the space is used, inside and outside, which he has so aptly described as a "Byzantine urinal"—a pavilion, as is well known, without a door.

CHRISTOS PAPOULIASM, THE GREAT SCAFFOLDING

Athens, May 30, 1993, ARTI 15, 1993

"It seems a great and difficult thing to take the place."
Aristotle, Physics IV

In his latest works, he reveals the secret of the search for unity in a symbolic way, unifying the elements of his work, while using stainless steel in very slender sections as his material, which allows him to work with light. His works are quiet testimonies of nostalgia for architecture. From Malevich’s Black Square to contemporary room landscapes, the conflict between the two arts is essentially an act of love.

Zongolopoulos reminds us that this is a misunderstood relationship, at times a secret embrace.
Without needing, like many of his young contemporaries, construction materials or furniture to imply it, he feels it ontologically necessary to engage in the search for form by fishing in classical concepts, without using words or objects, maintaining a plastic relationship with architecture—perhaps because he understands the atopia (placelessness) that would settle in the rift that would open if one "space" opposed another "space."

One finds the desire of architecture again in the innermost parts of his works. The use of the magnifying glass was not meant to liberate the successive faces of form but to capture the trace of another scale in space. Many criticize his obsession with the search for form, yet I believe that through this opposite path, he manages to say everything in a manner equally contemporary. Perhaps because, serving plasticity like a surgeon, he placed on the skin of the earth elixirs of youth—perhaps this is the secret of his longevity and that untamable youthful breath that surrounds him.

Within his work, he saved like an ark the ethos of the artist and the continuity of tradition, preserving the essence of what was worth preserving: his personal healing therapy against the underlying nihilism of his time. By disciplining conception to rules, like a kind of cosmic grid, the forms in suspension approach the Sublime without a trace of rhetorical grandiosity.
Zongolopoulos wraps naked abstraction in transparent garments and with modest gestures, never betraying it—he needs these as tools upon which he will lay symbols, movement, elements. Perhaps this was the Greek serenity and the enigmatic smile of the Kouros—divine and murderous at once, beyond moral categories. New meanings flow out of the conditions of the ascent of form, on this journey which Zongolopoulos knows well does not reach Ithaca.
Comments are absent; associations and symbols are carefully hidden beneath the language. Delicacy, grace, and nobility surround the form that appears as the protagonist, yet here I believe lies the significance of his work: achieving unity, which inherently contains everything.

The language of the work is the work itself. The boundaries that separate the contemporary from the classical dissolve, and in the great Scaffolding of Venice, the very visual-kinetic event of the ascent of form becomes the content.
The language of the work is ecstatic, and in moments of ecstasy, no one speaks. The composition is not only a composition of the elements that occupied him in recent years but also a composition of the Arts. The great Scaffolding, as it will stand in front of the Greek Pavilion’s facade, will negate its existence by creating a second facade— a face.

The large construction will have a slow movement as water falls from pipes onto the umbrellas. Slow, like the movement of the earth as it slides through the Universe. Silence and contemplation, while the umbrellas, assisted by the light reflections emitted by the fine steel sections and by transparency, negate the Baroque problem of the static nature of angels.

The ascent of form has been accomplished.
The great Scaffolding is a hymn to light. Within the absolute transparency of the large construction, gravity is negated, so that light combined with lightness helps the viewer support upon the scaffolding the illusion of ascension. The umbrellas, like the bicycle, as objects of man’s constructive talent, better embody the absent body than any other form. The abstraction of the body is preserved in the shape of the umbrella.

The construction could be extended to infinity, like Brancusi’s column, if it were not destined to become the mask of the pavilion. The spears are embedded in the construction to incorporate a secret hydraulic rhythm into a musical orchestration.

The great Scaffolding is an offering for our dull and rainy days. Like dawn full of dew drops of adolescent awakening, it awakens within us the oldest desire for the new.

CHRISANTHOS CHRISTOU

"ZONGOLOPOULOS XLV BIENNALE VENICE 1993"
Now more constructivist, Zongolopoulos’s art is based on a series of familiar themes such as the circle and the square, vertical and horizontal shapes, the repetition of forms, and an emphasis on the spiral; the combination of solid and fluid elements; the contrast between static and kinetic types. In the most important works of this category, the scholar observes Zongolopoulos’s effort to give new dimensions to his artistic creation through the use of new materials and the combination of contemporary technology with formal types carrying multiple and often contradictory meanings. Thus, his works not only distance themselves from the previously established laws of plastic form but also incorporate elements of painting—the color of music—acoustic and rhythmic values, and the arts of movement such as dance—combinations of liquids and solids. While in works employing lenses the monumental element often appears, in others based on springs and spirals, kinetic phenomena dominate internally, and in those using water as the origin of movement and expressive value, the entire space of the work acquires a new autonomy.

Chrysanthos Christou – Art Historian

ACHILLE BONITO OLIVA

Art Magazine
The participation of the sculptor Giorgos Zongolopoulos was especially significant, mainly because of the outdoor sculpture, as he managed to create a kind of interplay between metal and water, thus giving the impression of the lagoon space of the Biennale — a space that gently sways on the water.

BERNAND ΗAZAN

1970, DICTIONARY OF MODERN SCULPTURE
The material preferred by Zongolopoulos is oxygen-welded iron. He handles it with strength and skill to create sculptures that are undoubtedly monumental, with clear, rational structures, avoiding any sense of stillness. Despite their austerity, they possess a magical quality that comes from the suggestion of an intuition of space on a large scale, serving a new city.

CHARLES SPENSER

from the magazine SCULTURA:
Zongolopoulos is always ready to experiment with materials and expression, through works that cover a wide range—from angular, solitary figures to intricate, two-dimensional relief decorations.

DENYS CHEVALIER

From the text of Denys Chevalier, Art Critic, Founder of the “Salon de la Jeune Sculpture,” 1968 "ZONGOLOPOULOS, XLV Venice Biennale 1993"
I recognized the sculptor’s sensitivity not only in the personification of certain elements on flat plates but also in their arrangement into composed volumes, thanks to an organic method of development, logically as inevitable as, for example, the sprouting of leaves on a branch. Thus, the words or vocabulary, if you will, even Zongolopoulos’ speech, were influenced by an emotional factor both identical and effective.

Yet there was another field of plastic expression of the artist where I discerned traces of an uncommon sensitivity. I want to speak of the voids that entered his sculptural theme like silences, like breathing pauses, something akin to punctuation.
Since then, rhythm holds a significant place in the language of the sculptor, as an aesthetic, propulsive factor, an active motive, and more specifically, a connector tasked with assembling the various phases of plastic evolution. For this reason, I wonder whether this highly unusual method of working (despite the evident anthropomorphic meaning) should be credited with the grand monument dedicated to the heroines of Zalongo, which he studied from 1954 but realized only in 1960.

Because if something dead, lifeless, can be affected by a homogeneous structure, that is not sufficient to grant it the title of a work of art. This is given only in the case of a living shape, an organism. And so rhythmic gradations enter Zongolopoulos’ sculpture, about which I spoke a little earlier. In a profound and realistic unity originating from morphological material drawn from simple molds, the sculptor implants doubt and the complexity of sensitive rhythms that enliven the entirety of his plans. Thus, through repetitions, sequences, or contrasts, he gives life to matter, making light circulate within it, as if it were blood.

Indeed, with self-control, spiritual vigor, and clarity of expression, we can well define the foundations of this sculptor’s art. And it is precisely this close relationship between spirit and its realization that most impressed me in Zongolopoulos’ latest works. And I refer not only to the monuments he created in Thessaloniki or elsewhere but also to his small models and sculptures.

In all his works, I have observed, for some years now, aside from a clear definition of volumes and a corresponding limitation in the number of basic vehicles he used, also a dynamic search in the distribution of voids and non-voids...

With the clarity and stripping down of the initial idea, his original material, the austerity of expression, and strict geometric articulations, the artist belongs to the front rank of contemporary artists striving to create a decidedly modern sculpture, not based on immediacy influenced by the changing times but on something lasting and belonging both to the past and the future.

Art and Its Envelope
From the text of Denys Chevalier, Founder of the Salon de la Jeune Sculpture, 1968, ARTI 15, 1993 Unity is regarded as the objective goal, not only concerning conception but also execution. In my opinion, this is the great secret of monumental art throughout all epochs of art history, as it appears here and there, occasionally, in certain privileged plastic temperaments.

However, this unity would be worth nothing and would not result in anything aesthetically significant without rhythm and without the gradations that give it vitality. Because if something dead, lifeless, can be influenced by structural homogeneity, that is obviously not enough to grant it the title of a work of art. This is given only to an organism. And so rhythmic gradations enter Zongolopoulos’ sculpture. In a profound and realistic unity arising from morphological material drawn from simple molds, the sculptor implants doubt and the complexity of sensitive rhythms, which enliven the entirety of his plans. Thus, through repetitions, sequences, or contrasts, he gives life to matter, making light circulate inside it as if it were blood.

And then, everything becomes a matter of relationships, between elements or proportions, within the best possible classical spirit (both traditional and revolutionary at the same time). It has been some time since I thought about the term “classical,” often misunderstood, and I am glad that the opportunity finally arose to use it for Zongolopoulos.

Indeed, with self-control, spiritual vigor, and clarity of expression, we can easily define the foundations of this sculptor’s art. Unlike the disagreeable expressionism, a common ostentatious display of feelings that worsens with the approach of form, classicism—with the continuous control exercised by the artist over himself and his work—leads to the highest level of coexistence between the essence of art and its envelope. Closely defined by this coexistence, it unites not only with all variations of light and obeys the demands of space but also faithfully interprets, without altering or weakening, the initial emotion.

ENRICO CANTUCCI

La Nuova Venezia, June 10, 1993
But the surprise that creates new stimuli is Giorgos Zongolopoulos, who gave life to the Greek Pavilion with his transparent umbrellas, featuring a very delicate structural texture, which expand through enormous magnifying lenses and come into contrast with the steel raindrops, themselves suspended in a space of rare poetry.

JEAN STAROBINSKI

"Zongolopoulos 1990"
I highly appreciated the rich plastic inventiveness expressed by this ensemble of elements, as well as the successful reconciliation between the concrete and the abstract.

JEAN-LUC EPIVENT

ZALONGO, 1984, “ZONGOLOPOULOS 1990”
One of Zongolopoulos’ great merits is his ability to master monumental art. He knows how to express himself as a remarkable liberator of space—in the truest sense of the word—the kind of artist who transforms physical space into a deeper dimension: the more fluid and intimate space of the soul.
In this respect, the Zalongo Monument, standing 15 meters high and visible from 35 kilometers away, is perfectly representative. Constructed at the summit of a cliff in memory of the heroines, everything in this work is about simplification: the lines, the planes, the volumes—all are subordinated to the essential, all culminating in an uplifting motion. The pure white stone rises against the blue, reinforcing a message akin to a prayer—a message so profound and powerful that it absorbs the light, blessed eternally by the presence of the sea.

MARIATERESA BENEDETTI

"Il Tempo", June 13, 1993
The Greek artist Zongolopoulos constructs a universe dominated by the element of water, humorously populated <εποικισμένο> with umbrellas.

MARTINA GALLUPO

"Dossier", August 1993
In front of the pavilion steps rises a large-scale kinetic sculpture. It is a metal construction. Dozens of umbrellas lift toward the blue sky and slowly descend, gently swaying, pushed by drops of water flowing through small tubes balanced by tiny chains. Their upward movement evokes clouds on a warm spring day.

PIERRE RESTANY

1988 – Measure, joy for all, “ZONGOLOPOULOS 1990”
We know that the ancient Greeks, lovers of harmony, held a certain skepticism regarding the human condition—that is, toward philosophy or wisdom. They rejected emotional excess as well as ideological dogmatism. They respected both genders, bathed in the radiance of youth.

Typically, Zongolopoulos’ system is founded on the balance of non-representation. There is nothing irrational in the expressive rendering that is based on the idea of logical harmony. And if we are to speak of geometry in his work, it would be about a logic of rhythm. Form becomes image, insofar as it is governed automatically by the law of construction. The artist’s message is one of spiritual serenity. Rarely have I seen a work so well-balanced, without the slightest lapse in taste. The humanity to which it refers is not an ideal world. It adheres to a slightly better system, one that invites our participation and sensitizes us to a corresponding qualitative shift. It is precisely this spiritual freedom that characterizes him which fascinates and reassures me in encountering his work. As long as there are sculptors like George Zongolopoulos, the world will be able to believe in the power of art: the visual emotion of the individual for the delight of all.

RODERICK CONWAY MORRIS

"International Herald Tribune", June 19, 1993
Two prominent personalities of elderly artists made a strong impression: Louise Bourgeois, the American sculptor, and Zongolopoulos, who provocatively composes kinetic works with water.
One such piece stood outside the Greek Pavilion — an impressive construction made of stainless steel and life-sized metal umbrellas that moved up and down, depending on the flow of water circulating through the structure.
At 92 years old, Zongolopoulos — ten years senior to Bourgeois — continued to work tirelessly...

SAMUEL C. JOHNSON

The Council House, Racine, Wisconsin, 1980 from “ZONGOLOPOULOS 1990” I feel that the works at the Council House — including your own — represent some of the finest artists and craftsmen in the world today, contributing to the central mission of the Conference Center. We are pleased to have your work as part of this unique collection.

ECOLOGIA - NUOVA VENEZIA

June 2, 1993
George Zongolopoulos at the Greek Pavilion with his poetic, transparent, and hovering umbrellas.

FEUILLTON

June 12, 1993
The Greeks, with these delicate, poetic sculptural constructions of fine stainless steel, mirrors, water, and playful umbrellas by the wise elder Zongolopoulos, achieved an impressive presence at the Biennale.

MANIFESTO

June 16, 1993
The Greek artist Zongolopoulos emerges as a sculptor of water and steel—so much so that he seems to revive the deity of the eternal. .

NATO PRESS

NATO Press No. 27, 1964, Rome – "Greece at the Venice Biennale"
In the field of sculpture, Greece is presenting this year at the Biennale one of its most significant creators working within the national borders: Giorgios Zongolopoulos...

After passing through various experiences, he has arrived—through his most recent works, which will be showcased in a carefully curated selection at the Greek Pavilion—at an abstract symbolism in which reference to the concrete either disappears or remains as a distant allusion to the tangible world.

VERONA FEDEVE

Provocazioni della Biennale
The Greek Giorgos Zongolopoulos is poetic and spectacular with his stainless steel umbrellas.

RAOUL-JEAN MOULIN

Raoul-Jean Moulin, Zongolopoulos 1990
Besides the dynamic simplification of the equestrian figure, Zongolopoulos engraves the metal plates and spreads them like sails into space to project broken rhythms.

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